Yves Bouvier

The Bouvier Affair was a number of international lawsuits that started in 2015, and subsequent events. The lawsuits allege that Swiss art shipper and dealer Yves Bouvier defrauded his clients by misrepresenting the original cost of art works and subsequently overcharging them. The affair has played out in courts in Monaco, Switzerland, France, the US, Hong Kong and Singapore.

The alleged victims are "high net worth individuals" in the UK, the US, Asia and Europe, most notably Monaco-based Russian oligarch Dmitry Rybolovlev.[1]

As of February 2018, Bouvier was facing criminal charges in France, Monaco and also in Switzerland after the Geneva Prosecutor opened a new case there.[2]

Background

Prior fraud allegations

Before 2015, Bouvier was primarily known in the market as an art transporter and curator through his company, Natural Le Coultre, and as a major shareholder and promoter of the freeport concept.

Lorette Shefner

In 2008, Bouvier became embroiled in a legal case involving Lorette Shefner, a Canadian collector. Shefner's family claims that she was the victim of a complex fraud, whereby she was persuaded to sell a Soutine painting called Le Bœuf écorché at a price far below market value, only to see the work later sold to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. for a much higher price.[3][4] Although Bouvier is not the primary defendant, court documents from 2013 accuse him of having acted "in concert" with several experts "to disguise the true ownership" of pieces of art in order to defraud the Shefner estate.[5]

Wolfgang Beltracchi forgery scandal

In 2013, it was revealed that Bouvier was implicated in the notorious case of Wolfgang Beltracchi, a German forger who was convicted in 2011 of having defrauded a number of collectors, including Daniel Filipacchi, of millions of dollars.[6] According to German newspaper Die Zeit, Bouvier founded Galerie Jacques de la Béraudière in 2008 together with art dealer Jacques de la Béraudière, who played a key role in the Beltracchi scandal.[7] This and his ownership of an off-shore entity called Diva Fine Arts led to Bouvier also being connected to the Beltracchi case. He denied any connection to Beltracchi and dismissed media coverage as uninformed speculation.[8]

Dmitry Rybolovlev

Catherine Hutin-Blay

In March 2015, Catherine Hutin-Blay, the step daughter of Pablo Picasso from his second wife Jacqueline, filed a complaint alleging that 58 separate works had been stolen from her. Hutin-Blay alleged that the works were stolen from a store in a suburb of Paris that is run by Art Transit, a Bouvier family company.[9][10] It later emerged that Bouvier had sold two of the allegedly stolen Picasso paintings to Rybolovlev in 2013.[11] Rybolovlev handed over the paintings to French authorities in 2015.[12]

Bouvier denied any involvement in the thefts, but in September 2015 he was indicted by French authorities on charges of theft in relation to the discovery of two of the works by Picasso that Hutin-Blay alleged were stolen from her.[13] In court, Bouvier produced a document showing that he paid $8 million to a fund in Liechtenstein, of which Hutin-Blay was the beneficiary, and asserted that this was for the two paintings.[14] Hutin-Blay has disputed this, arguing that the payment concerned a matter unrelated to the thefts.[14]

Following several rounds of interviews with lawyers in Geneva, the case was dismissed in 2015,[15] but reopened in 2016 as Bouvier's associate Olivier Thomas came under renewed scrutiny.[16]

Allegations of money laundering

In late 2015, it emerged that Bouvier has been investigated by the authorities in Liechtenstein on suspicion of money laundering, in one instance related to a forged Max Ernst work that is alleged to have been created by Wolfgang Beltracchi. However, Liechtenstein suspended its investigation in December 2015.[15]

In September 2017, Bouvier was under criminal investigation by Swiss authorities amid allegations that he may have evaded more than 100 million Euros in taxes related to his cross-border art dealings.[17]

Case

The Hutin-Blay case coincided with a separate case involving allegations made by Rybolovlev that forms the main part of the Yves Bouvier Affair. Beginning in 2003, with the help of Yves Bouvier, Dmitry Rybolovlev accumulated one of the most spectacular art collections of modern times.[18] Rybolovlev's art collection includes paintings by Paul Gauguin, Auguste Rodin, Amedeo Modigliani (Nude on a Blue Cushion), Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Mark Rothko (No. 6).[19][20] In addition to these seminal works, Rybolovlev also purchased the painting Wasserschlangen II (or Water Serpents), by Gustav Klimt, though it was subsequently sold.[21]

Monaco

Arrest

On 25 February 2015, Bouvier was indicted in Monaco on charges of fraud and complicity in money laundering.[22] The charges followed a criminal complaint made by Rybolovlev's family trust alleging that Bouvier had systematically overcharged it over a period of 10 years to acquire paintings.[23][24][25] Specifically, the Russian billionaire's lawyers accused Bouvier of having misrepresented his role in obtaining 38 artworks for $2 billion and having thus defrauded Rybolovlev to the tune of a little more than $1 billion,[11] using offshore companies to disguise his gains.[26][27]

Subsequent developments

After HSBC Monaco provided a letter during the police investigation that erroneously stated that Bouvier and a co-defendant, Tania Rappo (with whom he is accused of conspiring to launder money from his art deal proceeds) held joint accounts at the bank, Bouvier called for an investigation into that matter.[28] HSBC stated the error was "unintentional and clerical."[28]

Allegations occurred in the French and Swiss press that Rybolovlev received help in arresting Bouvier from Monaco's justice minister, Philippe Narmino, and Monaco's principal prosecutor from 2011 to 2015 and former prosecutor at Perpignan, Sables d'Olonne, Papeete and Pau, Jean-Pierre Dreno.[29][30][31] On that basis, Bouvier and Rappo attempted to have the charges against them thrown out in November 2015, arguing that there were a number of irregularities in the legal procedure against them and that Rybolovlev may have exercised undue influence.[32] However, the judge rejected their argument.[32] Criminal proceedings are ongoing as of 2018.[33]

On 1 October 2015, Monaco's new principal prosecutor Jacques Dorémieux replaced Jean-Pierre Dreno. Dreno gained judicial responsibilities in Aix-en-Provence and had been implicated in a suspicious purchase, through the intermediary Erminio Giraudi, of an apartment at Ospedaletti on the Italian Riviera from Silvio Berlusconi's 85 year old brother.[34][35][36] With the release of the Panama Papers on 3 April 2016, the minister of justice Phillippe Narmino's son Antoine Narmino through the son's consultancy firm Narmino & Dotta was shown to have established 29 overseas companies registered in Panama with support from Mossack Fonseca.[37][38] In August and September 2017, Mediapart published articles which showed a close relationship between Dmitry Rybololev and Phillippe Narmino.[39][40] On 8 November 2018, Dmitri Rybolovlev and Philippe Narmino were charged in Monaco court with passive and active influence peddling and for passive corruption.[41]

On 12 December, 2019, Monaco’s Court of Appeal dismissed the charges of fraud and money laundering against Bouvier.[42] Legal proceedings continue in other jurisdictions, including Switzerland.[43] The Geneva public prosecutor's office is also in possession of emails exchanged between Bouvier and Sotheby's, while the former was making private purchases for Dmitry Rybolovlev.[27]

Singapore

On 12 March 2015, Rybolovlev sued Bouvier in Singapore, asking for a global freeze on Bouvier's and Rappo's assets.[11] On 13 March, Senior Judge Lai Siu Chiu of the High Court of Singapore ordered the global freezing of Bouvier's assets.[44] The Singapore Court of Appeal repealed the decision and ordered that Bouvier's assets be unfrozen, citing a low risk that Bouvier would dissipate his assets and that Rybolovlev failed to follow procedure in the injunction by not giving Bouvier notice of the proceedings.[45]

In March 2016, the High Court of Singapore dismissed Bouvier's attempt to suspend the civil suit filed in the territory against him by two companies linked to the Rybolovlev family trust. Bouvier had argued the dispute should be fought in the Swiss courts.[46] In a judgment published on 22 March 2016, Senior Judge Lai Siu Chiu ruled that the Singapore suit, which was filed in the High Court in 2015, should proceed. She said the case should be transferred to the Singapore International Commercial Court, which deals specifically with cross-border commercial disputes.[46]

On 18 April 2017, the Court of Appeal of Singapore again contradicted the High Court, ruling that Switzerland was a more appropriate forum for the civil lawsuit.[47][48]

Hong Kong

In addition to Singapore, Bouvier also had the assets of his Hong Kong-based company Mei Invest Limited frozen through an injunction in July 2015.[49] In September that year, it was announced that a consent summons had been agreed upon between Bouvier and Accent Delight International Limited as well as Xitrans Finance Limited, two of Rybolovlev's companies. Subsequently, Bouvier's assets were unfrozen.[50]

United States

Da Vinci's Salvator Mundi

In New York, auction house Sotheby's became embroiled in the legal dispute in 2016 when the art dealers that had originally sold Da Vinci's Salvator Mundi painting to Bouvier learned that he had sold it to Rybolovlev at a much higher price. According to court papers, Sotheby's was asked to clarify whether it had been aware that the painting was worth more than what the art dealers had sold it to Bouvier for, and whether the auction house had misled the dealers in favor of the Swiss trader.[51] Email exchanges unearthed by Rybolovlev’s lawyers indicate that the practice of over-invoicing was systematic, with the intermediary regularly pushing his client to buy paintings without giving them the necessary reflection time for such investments.[52]

In November that year, Sotheby's issued a pre-emptive suit in relation to Salvator Mundi, denying that it had ever been part of a scheme allegedly perpetrated by Bouvier to defraud both the sellers of the painting, and Rybolovlev.[53]

On 11 June 2018, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York granted Rybolovlev permission to access Sotheby's paperwork regarding its interactions with Bouvier for his ongoing lawsuits against the Swiss in Monaco and Switzerland.[54]

Another ongoing US investigation into Bouvier and his alleged involvement in fraudulent activities was dropped in May 2018.[55]

On 2 October 2018, Rybolovlev sued Sotheby's for $380 million, alleging the auction house had "materially assisted the largest art fraud in history" and that Sotheby's "knowingly and intentionally made the fraud possible" because it was aware of how much Bouvier had paid the original sellers of the paintings later purchased by Rybolovlev.[56] Sotheby's called these allegations "baseless" and told Reuters it would seek to have the lawsuit dismissed in a New York court.[57]

In what Sotheby’s called a “disappointing” decision, a US federal court in Manhattan rejected Sotheby’s request to have the case dismissed.[58] On 25 June 2019, the court argued that the auction house did not present evidence that would justify the “exceptional circumstances” required to have the case thrown out.[58][59] Instead, Sotheby’s was ordered to submit previously confidential details relevant to the case for consideration and was banned from redacting information from court documents.[60]

A November 2019 ruling of a New York court compelled Sotheby’s to produce documents used in foreign criminal proceedings in the Affair in the jurisdictions of Switzerland and Monaco.[61] Sotheby’s had fought against this decision, arguing that confidentiality and the fact that it was named in the Swiss proceedings should shield it from having to submit the documents, which the court rejected.[62]

In December 2023, it was reported that Rybolovlev and Bouvier reached an undisclosed settlement agreement. According to a statement by Geneva prosecutor’s office, the parties requested that the criminal proceedings not be pursued. As such, the case in Geneva was discontinued.[63]

Impact

The Bouvier Affair has been widely reported and followed across the art world and beyond as it laid bare "the exploitation of art for financial gain"[64] and put a spotlight on the business behaviors of middlemen in the art market.[65][66] Furthermore, Bouvier’s alleged wrongdoings have led to policymakers’ greater scrutiny of his freeports, where high-dollar art is often stored.[52][67]

Commentators have opined that the unfolding events could be the catalyst for a renewed push to reform the art sector.[68]

References

  1. ↑ Mulholland, Rory (26 February 2015). "Monaco FC owner Rybolovlev among alleged victims of huge art scam". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  2. ↑ "Art Dealer Quizzed After Billionaire's Fraud Complaint". Bloomberg.com. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  3. ↑ "Bouvier Shenanigans, Chapter Two: Steve Cohen". Real Clear Arts. Retrieved 8 January 2016. A suit filed by the Shefner family in New York in 2013 named Bouvier as a co-defendant alongside Paris-based Galerie Jacques de la Béraudière. Bouvier strenuously denies the claims against him, arguing that it is purely circumstantial and not based on any solid evidence. His lawyers have argued that there is no case to answer. The case remains pending.
  4. ↑ "Shefner v Jacques de la Beraudiere" (PDF). Cases.justia.com. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  5. ↑ "Shefner v Jacques de la Beraudiere" (PDF). Justicia. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  6. ↑ Röbel, Sven; Sontheimer, Michael (13 June 2011). "The $7 Million Fake: Forgery Scandal Embarrasses International Art World". Der Spiegel. Spiegel Online. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  7. ↑ "Steueroase: Freihäfen seien keine Schmuggler-Höhlen, beteuert Bouvier". Die Zeit (in German). Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  8. ↑ Sennewald, J. Emil; Timm, Tobias (25 April 2013). "Steueroase: Freihäfen seien keine Schmuggler-Höhlen, beteuert Bouvier". Die Zeit. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  9. ↑ Bellet, Harry. "L'homme d'affaires Yves Bouvier mis en examen pour recel de deux Picasso volés". Le Monde (in French). Le Monde.fr. ISSN 1950-6244. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  10. ↑ Carvajal, Doreen; Bowley, Graham (23 September 2015). "The Billionaire, the Picassos and a $30 Million Gift to Shame a Middleman". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  11. 1 2 3 "The Art-World Insider Who Went Too Far". The New Yorker. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  12. ↑ AFP (25 September 2015). "so Russian billionaire in art dealer feud hands over Picassos". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  13. ↑ Samuel, Henry (14 September 2015). "Yves Bouvier charged over 'concealed theft' of Picasso paintings". The Telegraph. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  14. 1 2 Raya, Aurélie. "Affaire Rybolovlev : une héritière de Picasso liée au scandale. Révélations exclusives" [The Rybolovlev Affair: an heir of Picasso linked to the scandal. Exclusive Revelations] (in French). Paris Match. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  15. 1 2 Sallier, Pierre-Alexandre (18 December 2015). "Vaduz classe une plainte pour blanchiment visant Yves Bouvier" [Vaduz files money laundering complaint against Yves Bouvier]. Tribune de Genève. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  16. ↑ "New Evidence in Stolen Picassos Case - artnet News". artnet News. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  17. ↑ "Swiss Authorities Investigate 'Freeport King' Yves Bouvier for More Than $100 Million in Back Taxes". artnet News. 6 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  18. ↑ Miller, Hugo (31 May 2016). "Art's $1 Billion Question: Was Russian a Victim or Savant?". Bloomberg.
  19. ↑ Gattegno, Hervé. "Oligarque contre marchand d'art : révélations sur l'affaire qui faut trembler Monaco et la Suisse". Vanity Fair (in French). Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  20. ↑ "How Long Will the Rich Continue to Evade Justice?". International Policy Digest. 5 February 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  21. ↑ Bregman, Alexandra (6 April 2019). The Bouvier Affair: A True Story.
  22. ↑ Ui-Hoon, Cheah. "Freeport king fails in appeal against Monaco criminal charges". The Business Times. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  23. ↑ Knight, Sam (31 January 2016). "A Reporter At Lage: The Bouvier Affair". The New Yorker. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  24. ↑ hugodmiller, Stephanie Baker StephaniBaker Hugo Miller. "The Billionaire, the Dealer, and the $186 Million Rothko". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  25. ↑ "Steve Cohen's Modigliani In The Middle Of An Art Market War: Billionaire Rybolovlev vs Yves Bouvier". Forbes. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  26. ↑ Fontevecchia, Agustino. "Steve Cohen's Modigliani In The Middle Of An Art Market War: Billionaire Rybolovlev vs Yves Bouvier". Forbes. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  27. 1 2 Lebeaupin, Jean Marc (28 January 2020). "Passe d'armes judiciaire entre Rybolovlev et Bouvier". artsixMic (in French). Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  28. 1 2 Letzing, John; Colchester, Max (20 November 2015). "Russian Billionaire's Battle With Art Dealer Draws In HSBC". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  29. ↑ Villarreal, Ignacio. "Monaco gives go-ahead to million-dollar art fraud trial between Dmitry Rybolovlev and Yves Bouvier". artdaily.com. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  30. ↑ "Vaduz classe une plainte pour blanchiment visant Yves Bouvier". tdg.ch/. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  31. ↑ Besson, Sylvain (16 April 2015). "Un mystérieux dîner à Gstaad éclaire d'un jour nouveau l'affaire Yves Bouvier: Quelques jours avant l'arrestation d'Yves Bouvier à Monaco, le ministre de la justice du Rocher rencontrait à Gstaad le pire ennemi du Genevois, le Russe Dmitri Rybolovlev. Un signe de la puissance du Russe sur le Rocher, estiment les proches d'Yves Bouvier" [A mysterious dinner in Gstaad sheds new light on the Yves Bouvier affair: A few days before the arrest of Yves Bouvier in Monaco, the Minister of Justice of Le Rocher met in Gstaad the worst enemy of the Genevan, the Russian Dmitri Rybolovlev. A sign of the Russian's power on the Rock, say those close to Yves Bouvier]. Le Temps (letemps.ch) (in French). Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  32. 1 2 "Freeport king fails in appeal against Monaco criminal charges". The Business Times. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  33. ↑ "Art Dealer Quizzed After Billionaire's Fraud Complaint". Bloomberg. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  34. ↑ Stephane (16 October 2015). "Rentrée judiciaire : le nouveau procureur intronisé: eudi 1er octobre, la prise de fonction du nouveau procureur général de Monaco, Jacques Dorémieux, a précédé la traditionnelle rentrée des cours et tribunaux. Au côté de Brigitte Grinda-Gambarini, premier président de la Cour d'appel, le procureur a ouvert l'année judicaire 2015-2016" [Back to court: the new prosecutor inducted: On Thursday the 1st of October, the new Prosecutor General of Monaco, Jacques Dorémieux, took office before the traditional return to court. Alongside Brigitte Grinda-Gambarini, first president of the Court of Appeal, the prosecutor opened the 2015-2016 judicial year.]. Monaco Hebdo (monocohebdo.mc) (in French). Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  35. ↑ Gaetner, Gilles (19 January 2015). "Justice à Monaco : bruits et chuchotements sur le procureur général… qui pourrait être contraint de quitter son poste: Depuis quelques mois, trouble et interrogations envahissent le Palais de justice de la Principauté. En cause : le procureur général, Jean-Pierre Dreno pointé du doigt pour des poursuites jugées partiales et un appartement acheté à un proche de Berlusconi. Le haut magistrat dément toute faute et toute imprudence. (page 1)" [Justice in Monaco: noises and whispers about the Attorney General… who could be forced to leave his post: For the past few months, trouble and questions have been invading the Principality's courthouse. At issue: the Attorney General, Jean-Pierre Dreno pointed the finger for prosecutions deemed biased and an apartment bought from a close friend of Berlusconi. The high magistrate denies any fault and any imprudence. (page 1)]. Atlantico (atlantico.fr) (in French). Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  36. ↑ Gaetner, Gilles (19 January 2015). "Justice à Monaco : bruits et chuchotements sur le procureur général… qui pourrait être contraint de quitter son poste: Depuis quelques mois, trouble et interrogations envahissent le Palais de justice de la Principauté. En cause : le procureur général, Jean-Pierre Dreno pointé du doigt pour des poursuites jugées partiales et un appartement acheté à un proche de Berlusconi. Le haut magistrat dément toute faute et toute imprudence. (page 2)" [Justice in Monaco: noises and whispers about the Attorney General… who could be forced to leave his post: For the past few months, trouble and questions have been invading the Principality's courthouse. At issue: the Attorney General, Jean-Pierre Dreno pointed the finger for prosecutions deemed biased and an apartment bought from a close friend of Berlusconi. The high magistrate denies any fault and any imprudence. (page 2)]. Atlantico (atlantico.fr) (in French). Archived from the original on 5 August 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  37. ↑ "NARMINO & DOTTA - CABINET DE COUNSEIL JURIDIQUE". ICIJ. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  38. ↑ Hamel, Ian (26 July 2016). "Monaco, la transparence et les sociétés panaméennes: Alors que la Principauté veut bannir son image de paradis fiscal, le nom du fils du ministre de la Justice, un conseiller juridique, apparaît dans les «Panama Papers»" [Monaco, Transparency and Panamanian Companies: While the Principality wants to banish its image as a tax haven, the name of the son of the Minister of Justice, a legal adviser, appears in the "Panama Papers".]. La Méduse (lameduse.ch) (in French). Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  39. ↑ Duparc, Agathe (21 August 2017). "Quand la police monégasque se met au service du président de l'AS Monaco: Dmitri Rybolovlev a de puissants relais sur le Rocher. Des textos exhumés du téléphone de son avocate montrent qu'en 2015, il a supervisé en coulisses l'enquête ouverte à Monaco contre son ancien marchand d'art Yves Bouvier. Le milliardaire russe transmettait ses desiderata au patron de la police judiciaire" [When the Monegasque police put themselves at the service of the president of AS Monaco: Dmitri Rybolovlev has powerful relays on the Rock. Text messages exhumed from his lawyer's phone show that in 2015, he supervised behind the scenes the investigation opened in Monaco against his former art dealer Yves Bouvier. The Russian billionaire transmitted his wishes to the boss of the judicial police.]. Mediapart (mediapart.fr) (in French). Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  40. ↑ Duparc, Agathe (14 September 2017). "Scandale russe à Monaco: le ministre de la justice forcé à la démission: Le milliardaire russe Dmitri Rybolovlev, patron de l'AS Monaco, a manipulé la justice et la police monégasques pour leur faire servir ses intérêts. Cette affaire, révélée par plusieurs articles de Mediapart, a fait une première victime : Philippe Narmino, le ministre de la justice, a dû annoncer qu'il prenait une « retraite anticipée »" [Russian scandal in Monaco: the Minister of Justice forced to resign: The Russian billionaire Dmitri Rybolovlev, boss of AS Monaco, manipulated the justice system and the Monegasque police to make them serve his interests. This case, revealed by several articles from Mediapart, claimed a first victim: Philippe Narmino, the Minister of Justice, had to announce that he was taking “early retirement”.]. Mediapart (mediapart.fr) (in French). Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  41. ↑ "Monaco : l'ancien garde des Sceaux inculpé aux côtés du milliardaire Rybolovlev: L'ancien directeur des services judiciaires de Monaco, Philippe Narmino, a été mis en examen jeudi pour trafic d'influence passif et actif et pour corruption passive, a annoncé le parquet" [Monaco: the former Keeper of the Seals charged alongside billionaire Rybolovlev: The former director of the judicial services of Monaco, Philippe Narmino, was indicted on Thursday for passive and active influence peddling and for passive corruption, announced the parquet.]. Europe 1 (europe1.fr) (in French). 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  42. ↑ Miller, Hugo (12 December 2019). "Art Dealer Wins Dismissal of Charges in Fight With Russian Mogul". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  43. ↑ "A Monaco Judge Has Cleared Art Dealer Yves Bouvier of the $1 Billion Fraud Alleged by Russian Oligarch Dmitry Rybolovlev". artnet News. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  44. ↑ "Singapore court orders asset freeze on 'Freeport King'". Reuters. 13 March 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  45. ↑ "Singapore Court Unfreezes Bouvier's Assets - artnet News". artnet News. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  46. 1 2 hermes (25 March 2016). "Singapore court to hear $1.4b art suit". The Straits Times. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  47. ↑ "Yves Bouvier clears legal hurdle in Singapore". The Art Newspaper. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  48. ↑ "Terms of Service Violation". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  49. ↑ "Swiss Newspaper Gets Bouvier's Revealing Emails - artnet News". artnet News. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  50. ↑ Swiss art dealer's Hong Kong assets unfrozen amid court battle with Russian tycoon who accused him of swindling
  51. ↑ Bowley, Graham; Rashbaum, William K. (28 November 2016). "Sotheby's Tries to Block Suit Over a Leonardo Sold and Resold at a Big Markup". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  52. 1 2 "Affaire Bouvier-Rybolovlev : de l'art et des milliards - EconomieMatin". www.economiematin.fr (in French). 25 January 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  53. ↑ "Sotheby's Denies Helping Flip Bouvier's $127.5 Million Leonardo". artnet News. 22 November 2016.
  54. ↑ "Russian Billionaire Rybolovlev Wins Access to a Trove of Confidential Documents in His Ongoing Crusade Against Yves Bouvier | artnet News". artnet News. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  55. ↑ Berthelsen, Christian. "Russian's Da Vinci Windfall Undercut U.S. Probe of Art Dealer". Bloomberg. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  56. ↑ Kazakina, Katya (3 October 2018). "Billionaire Slaps Sotheby's With $380 Million Lawsuit". Bloomberg.
  57. ↑ Devitt, Polina. "Russian tycoon sues Sotheby's for $380 million over art deals". U.S. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  58. 1 2 "Sotheby's must face Russian billionaire's lawsuit over art fraud - U.S. judge". Reuters. 25 June 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  59. ↑ "Sotheby's denied dismissal of Rybolovlev's $380m lawsuit by New York judge". www.theartnewspaper.com. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  60. ↑ "Russian Billionaire Dmitry Rybolovlev Can Proceed With His $380 Million Lawsuit Against Sotheby's, a Judge Says". artnet News. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  61. ↑ "Sotheby's sommé de fournir à la justice américaine des documents concernant son procès en Europe". ABC Bourse (in French). Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  62. ↑ "Three Sotheby's developments on the art market's radar". Business Matters. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
  63. ↑ Kinsella, Eileen (11 December 2023). "The Sprawling Legal Dispute Between Yves Bouvier and Dmitry Rybolovlev Is Finally Over". Artnet News. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
  64. ↑ "How Modern Art Serves the Rich". The New Republic. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  65. ↑ "Terms of Service Violation". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  66. ↑ Frank, Robert (13 March 2015). "Art scandal may expose mass fraud in art market". CNBC. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  67. ↑ "European Parliament puts 'urgent' phasing out of freeports top of agenda". www.theartnewspaper.com. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  68. ↑ "Does the art market need more regulation? - Apollo Magazine". Apollo-magazine.com. 29 June 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
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