Style of China's boundary marker.
Sino-Russian border railway port at Manzhouli.
Models of the Sino-Russian border port in Manzhouli from various historical periods displayed in the square.
The northernmost point of China's territory located north of Mohe in Heilongjiang, with Russia on the other side of the fence.
Aerial view of Sinuiju in North Korea from Dandong, China. The bridge in the picture is the Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge, and the Yalu River below is the China-North Korea border.
Chung Ying Street located at the border of Shenzhen and Hong Kong, now jointly managed by both places.
Border guard booth on Lovers South Road in Zhuhai, with Macao on the opposite side of the water.
The Red River serves as the border between China and Vietnam.
The Sino-Nepalese border passes through Mount Everest.
The Khunjerab Pass, located at the border between China and Pakistan.
China's northernmost border in the middle of the Amur River north of Mohe City

The term "China's borderlines" refers to the borders that the People's Republic of China shares with neighboring countries or regions. Currently, the length of China's borderlines is over 22,000 kilometers (still subject to dispute), making it the country with the longest land borders in the world.[1] The actual administered territories share land borders with 14 countries (the most in the world), including North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam. The land borders, in counterclockwise order from northeast to southwest, include the China–North Korea border, the eastern segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Mongolia border, the western segment of the China–Russia border, the China–Kazakhstan border, the China–Kyrgyzstan border, the China–Tajikistan border, the China–Afghanistan border, the China–Pakistan border (actual control line), the China–India border eastern segment of the China–India border, the central segment (actual control line), the China–Nepal border, the Sikkim segment of the China–India border, the China–Bhutan border, the eastern segment of the China–India border (actual control line), the China–Myanmar border, the China–Laos border, the China–Vietnam border. China shares international land borders with 14 sovereign states. In addition, there is a 30-kilometre (19 mi) internal border with the special administrative region of Hong Kong, which was a British dependency before 1997, and a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) internal border with Macau, a Portuguese territory until 1999. With land borders of 22,117 kilometres (13,743 mi) in total, China has the longest aggregate land borders of any country.

Countries sharing land borders with China

The table below, is a table of countries and territories who share a land border with China around its perimeter. In parentheses are their lengths in miles.[2]

Country Length ((km) and (mi)) Notes
 North Korea1,416 (879)
 Russia3,645 (2,264)
 Mongolia4,677 (2,906)
 Kazakhstan1,533 (952)
 Kyrgyzstan858 (533)
 Tajikistan414 (257)
 Afghanistan76 (47)
 Pakistan596 (370)Disputed; depends on the resolution of territorial conflicts between India and China, and between India and Pakistan
 India3,488 (2,167)Disputed; in three sections, separated by Nepal and Bhutan; depends on the resolution of territorial conflicts between India and China, and between India and Pakistan
   Nepal1,440 (895)
 Bhutan470 (292)Disputed; depends on the resolution of various territorial conflicts between Bhutan and China
 Myanmar2,185 (1,357)
 Laos423 (262)
 Vietnam1,283 (795)

China Rim

The region of all countries bordering China is sometimes referred to by scholars as the China Rim,[3][4][5] or simply as China's periphery (Chinese: 中国周边).[6] The China Rim plays a significant role in competition between other countries and China, as is the case with America's China Containment Policy.[7] Significant competition took place between America and China in the region after the middle of the 20th century.[8][9][10] Currently, a greater level of scrutiny and competition are happening around the maritime portion of the rim (particularly Taiwan and Maritime Southeast Asia).[11]

Relevant treaties

中俄边界谈判史 Since 1689, the relevant treaties on the boundary of China are:

contracting country Gregorian date Full name of treaty Treaty Full Name
Qing dynastyRussian Empire September 7, 1689 《Treaty of Nerchinsk》[lower-alpha 1]
The year 1727 Treaty of Kiakhta [lower-alpha 1]
The 28th of May, 1858 Aihui Treaty
The 14th of November, 1860 Beijing Treaty [lower-alpha 1]
The 7th of October, 1864 Record of Sino-Russian Exploration and Demarcations in the Northwest
1869, 1883 The Cobb Convention [lower-alpha 1]
1870 The Uriasutay Convention [lower-alpha 1]
1870, 1883 Talbahatay Convention [lower-alpha 1]
1870, 1882 The Ili Boundary Convention [lower-alpha 1]
The year 1882 Northeast Kashgar Boundary Convention [lower-alpha 1]
The year 1883 Arakbek Estuary Boundary Convention [lower-alpha 1]
The year 1884 Northwest Kashgar Boundary Convention [lower-alpha 1]
Qing dynastyBritish Empire 1890 Sino-British Treaty of Tibet and India [lower-alpha 1]
Qing dynasty Japan 1909 Terms of the Korea-Korea Boundary on the Tumen River [lower-alpha 1]
Qing dynastyRussian Empire The 20th of December, 1911 Manzhouli Boundary Convention
China The 4th of September 1958 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea is promulgated and entered into force
China Myanmar The 28th of January 1960 The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries is signed
The 14th of May, 1960 The The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on the Boundary Question between the two countries is in force
The 1st October 1960 The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar is signed
The 4th of January 1961 The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Myanmar comes into force
ChinaNepal The 5th of October 1961 The The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal is signed and entered into force
ChinaMyanmar The 13th of October 1961 The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Union of Myanmar concerning the Boundary between the two countries was signed
ChinaNorth Korea The 12th of October, 1962 The The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is signed
ChinaMongolia The 26th of December, 1962 The The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia is signed
ChinaPakistan The 2nd of March, 1963 The China-Pakistan Boundary Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan Concerning the Boundary Bordering Xinjiang of China and Various Areas under Pakistan's Effective Control for Defense is signed and comes into force
ChinaMongolia The 25th of March, 1963 The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of Mongolia is in force
ChinaAfghanistan The 22nd of November, 1963 The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Afghanistan is signed and entered into force
ChinaNorth Korea The 20th of March 1964 The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is in force
The 20th of March 1964 Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Concerning the China-Korea Boundary was signed and entered into force
China The 10th of December 1982 Signing of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (including the People's Republic of China)
ChinaUnited Kingdom The 19th of December, 1984 Joint Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Question of Hong Kong
ChinaPortugal The 13th of April 1987 China-Portugal Joint Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Portuguese Republic on the Question of Macao
ChinaSoviet Union The 16th of May 1991 The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border is signed
ChinaLaos The 24th October 1991 The The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is signed
The 21st January 1992 The Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is in force
China The 25th February 1992 The The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone is promulgated and entered into force
ChinaSoviet Union The 16th of March 1992 The The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border enters into force
ChinaLaos The 31 January 1993 The The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic Concerning the Boundary between the two countries was signed and entered into force
ChinaLaos The 3 December 1993 The The Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is signed
China Russia Mongolia The 27 January 1994 The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries was signed and entered into force
China Laos Mongolia The 8 April 1994 The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction was signed
The 11th October 1995 The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Government of the Union of Myanmar on Determining the Tri-Junction has entered into force
ChinaLaos The 12th August 1994 The The Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Lao People's Democratic Republic is in force
ChinaKazakhstan The 26th April 1994 The The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary is signed
ChinaRussia The 3 September 1994 The The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation Concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary is signed
China The 16th November 1994 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Entry into force (including the People's Republic of China)
ChinaRussia The 17th October 1995 The The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Western Section of the China-Russia Boundary is in force
China The 15th May 1996 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the Territorial Sea of the People's Republic of China is promulgated and entered into force
China Russia Mongolia The 24 June 1996 The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Western Boundary Point of the Three Countries was signed
The 24 June 1996 Signed the Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia Concerning the Description of the Eastern Junction of the Tri-Border
ChinaKyrgyzstan The fourth of July 1996 The The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Boundary Area between China and the Kyrgyz Republic is signed
ChinaLaos The 26th August 1997 Protocol supplementing to the Treaty on the Boundary Regime between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Lao People's Democratic Republic was signed and entered into force
China Kazakhstan The 24th September 1997 The The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan on the China-Kazakhstan Boundary is signed
The fourth of July 1998 The The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the China-Kazakhstan Boundary Area is signed
ChinaNorth KoreaRussia The 3rd November 1998 The Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Demarcation Line of the Waters of the Tumen River Tri-Country is signed
China The 29th April 1999 [[:s: Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the Approval of the Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Determination of the Boundary Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River|Of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on the approval of the Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Decision of the Government of the Russian Federation on the Agreement Determining the Boundary line of the Waters of the Three Countries along the Tumen River]]
China Russia Kazakhstan The date dated 5 May 1999 The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Determination of the Boundary Points of the Tripartite State Border is signed
ChinaTajikistan The 13th August 1999 The The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan Concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary is signed
ChinaKyrgyzstanKazakhstan The 25th August 1999 The The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Kazakhstan Concerning the Boundary Points of the Three Countries is signed
ChinaKyrgyzstan The 26th August 1999 The The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the National Boundary between China and the Kyrgyz Republic is signed
ChinaVietnam The 30th December 1999 The The Land Boundary Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam is signed
China The 29th April 2000 Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Ratifying the Treaty on the Land Boundary between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
ChinaTajikistanKyrgyzstan The 5th July 2000 The The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic Concerning the Tri-Border Points is signed
ChinaVietnam The 25th December 2000 The The Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf between the two countries in the Beibu Gulf is signed
ChinaTajikistan The 17 May 2002 The The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan Concerning the China-Tajikistan Boundary is signed
China Korea Russia The 20th June 2002 The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River was signed
The 29th March 2003 The Protocol between the Government of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Government of the Russian Federation Concerning the Description of the Boundary Points of the People's Republic of China, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Russian Federation on the Tumen River has entered into force
China The 25th June 2004 [[:s: Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in the Beibu Gulf|The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on the Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economy of the two countries in the Beibu Gulf Decision of the Agreement on the Delimitation of the Zone and the Continental Shelf]]
ChinaRussia The 14th October 2004 The The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia is signed
The 2nd June 2005 The The Supplementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation concerning the Eastern Section of the National Boundary between China and Russia is in force
ChinaVietnamLaos The October 10, 2006 The The Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries is signed
China 28 February 2007 [[:s: Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries|Of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on ratifying the Treaty of the People's Republic of China, the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam and the Lao People's Democratic Republic on Identifying the Three Countries Decision of the Treaty on Border Crossings]]
China Tajikistan Afghanistan 5 June 2012 The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries was signed
China 10 September 2012 Statement of the Government of the People's Republic of China on the baselines of the territorial sea of the Diaoyu Dao and its Affiliated Islands is promulgated and entered into force
China Tajikistan Afghanistan December 14, 2014 The Agreement between the People's Republic of China, the Republic of Tajikistan and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on Determining the Boundary Points of the Three Countries has entered into force

See also

Annotation

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The legal land boundary of the Republic of China is still based on these treaties.

References

  1. ↑ "中国与邻国边界问题现状：约90%陆地边界已划定-搜狐新闻中心". Archived from the original on 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  2. ↑ CIA: The World Factbook, China
  3. ↑ S, Fletcher (2005). "Energy competition seen raising tension in'China Rim'". Oil & Gas Journal (in Korean). 103 (17): 40–40.
  4. ↑ Pyatt, T. Roger (June 1995). "Business Networks and Dyad Studies: Theory and Practice in Southeast Asia". Asia Pacific Business Review. 1 (4): 1–14. doi:10.1080/13602389500000013. ISSN 1360-2381.
  5. ↑ Weirauch, Wendy (2005-11-01). "Producer's viewpoint: petrochemicals outlook in a changing world". Hydrocarbon Processing. 84 (11): 25–26.
  6. ↑ Lanteigne, Marc (2019-06-28). Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-79543-5.
  7. ↑ Blanchard, Jean-Marc F.; Shen, Simon (2015-02-20). Conflict and Cooperation in Sino-US Relations: Change and Continuity, Causes and Cures. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-66427-7.
  8. ↑ Freeman, Carla (2021-01-01). "12. China's Periphery: A Rift Zone in U.S.-China Relations". Engaging China.
  9. ↑ Cumings, Bruce (1999). "The American Century and the Third World". Diplomatic History. 23 (2): 355–370. ISSN 0145-2096.
  10. ↑ Huck, Arthur (1979). "Review of China and the Major Powers in East Asia.; China and America.; Dragon and Eagle". Pacific Affairs. 52 (1): 110–113. doi:10.2307/2757771. ISSN 0030-851X.
  11. ↑ Sutter, Robert (2015). "More American Attention to Taiwan Amid Heightened Competition with China". American Journal of Chinese Studies. 22 (1): 1–16. ISSN 2166-0042.
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