| Battle of Fakashan | |||||||||
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| Part of the Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991) | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 China |
 Vietnam | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
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3rd Border Defense Division
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327th Division
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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The Battle of Fakashan (Chinese: 法卡山戰役), also known as the Battle of Hill 400, was fought in 1981 between China and Vietnam as part of the Sino-Vietnamese conflicts (1979–1991).
Background
Border conflicts
After the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979, fighting still continued between China and Vietnam although the scale of engagements was significantly smaller.[3]
From 1980 to 1983, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) took military action against the position occupied by the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) along the border.[4]
China accused Vietnam of conducting cross-border raids against Chinese positions in the Luojiaping area, Maguan County, Yunnan, on 30 September and 1 October, in which 3 Chinese border guards or militiamen were killed.[5] The Chinese launched a retaliatory assault against Vietnamese positions in the same area on 15 October, in which they killed 42 Vietnamese troops and captured 3.[6]
On 9 November, the PLA attacked Ma’anshan (Hill 1175.4), which, at its foot, had a highway connecting Malipo County and Thanh Thủy, a broder town.[4]
Fakashan
Fakashan (法卡山), also known as Hill 400 to the Vietnamese, is a mountainous range on the China–Vietnam border. It is between Pingxiang, Guangxi, and the Cao Lộc district, Lạng Sơn province.[1] It consists of five peaks, with the third being the tallest with a height of 511.3 m above sea level.
On 2 January 1981, the Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs proposed a ceasefire during the Lunar New Year festival. That proposal was rejected by China on 20 January, but both sides continued the exchange of prisoners-of-war. The situation was relatively calm for the next few months.
In light of China's decision to maintain military pressure on Vietnam, PLA forces in Guangxi selected Fakashan for an attack. Fakashan was under the control of the 327th Division of the PAVN. The initial attack was planned for New Year's Day in 1981 but was postponed to early May because of mountain floods in the region. It is also speculated that since it was the first major operation since 1979, the PLA military leadership believed that more preparation was needed since it was transitioning from a military approach involving human wave attacks to a modern one, involving a smaller but well-trained group of soldiers that could perform surprise attacks.[2][1]
Battle
The assault on Fakashan began on 5 May 1981.[2][1] To justify this military operation, China announced that the attack was in response to acts of aggression by Vietnam during the first quarter of that year.[7]
Artillery barrages were used before the attack.[2] One PLA company captured Vietnamese positions on Fakashan, killing 26 PAVN soldiers and wounding 43.[2]
However, starting on 10 May, the PAVN launched a series of counterattacks with the intention of recapturing Fakashan.[2] Although the conflict raged on, China did not want to escalate and deployed only border guard units, instead of regular troops, into the battles.[7] The PAVN staged human wave counterattacks, with groups of troops ranging from company to battalion-sized.[2] Artillery fire also played a significant role in these counterattacks. More than 20,000 rockets and artillery shells were lobbed at the hilltops of Fakashan.[2] The most intense battles were fought on 10, 16, and 19 May and 7 June. [2] The PLA defenders managed to repulse the Vietnamese assaults with claims of inflicting 1,218 casualties (705 dead and 513 wounded) on the PAVN forces.[2]
After the last Vietnamese counterattack, both sides continued to exchange artillery fire until the end of the month.[2] The PLA unit later received the honorific title "Fakashan Hero Battalion."[2]
Aftermath
Western observers have linked China's military action on the border in response to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War, but others believe that it was not a true response to the Cambodian situation.[8]
The PAVN continued to shell Fakashan until 1991, when relations between China and Vietnam normalized. No other significant military actions were taken.[9]
China occupied all five peaks of Fakashan until 2008, when China and Vietnam signed a land board demarcation.[10][11] China was to occupy peaks 1 and 2, Vietnam was to occupy peaks 4 and 5, and peak 3 was to be demarcated with the Number 1156 border marker.[11][12]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 O'Dowd 2007, p. 94.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Zhang 2015, p. 147.
- ↑ Zhang 2015, p. 141.
- 1 2 Zhang 2015, p. 146.
- ↑ "Armed skirmishes on the border between China and Vietnam...", UPI, 16 October 1980.
- ↑ Zhang 2015, p. 146 "In a 3.5-hour fight they killed 42 enemy troops and captured 3."
- 1 2 Carlyle A. Thayer, "Security Issues in Southeast Asia: The Third Indochina War", Conference on Security and Arms Control in the North Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, August 1987.
- ↑ Zhang 2015, p. 148.
- ↑ Zhang 2015, p. 153.
- ↑ "China; Vietnam: Agreement Reached to Complete Land, Maritime Border Demarcation". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- 1 2 "中越划界为何"法卡山已划给越南"流言四起？_历史频道_凤凰网". 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- ↑ "探秘丨中国为什么归还法卡山_越南". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
Sources
- Zhang, Xiaoming (6 May 2015). Deng Xiaoping's Long War: The Military Conflict between China and Vietnam, 1979–1991. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-1-4696-2125-8.
- O'Dowd, Edward C. (16 April 2007). Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-12267-7.