Johnson South Reef Skirmish
Part of the Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979–91 and the Spratly Islands dispute

Map of the Union Banks, where the skirmish occurred
Date14 March 1988
Location
Johnson South Reef
Result Chinese victory[1][2]
Territorial
changes		 China establishes control over Johnson South Reef
Belligerents
 China  Vietnam
Commanders and leaders
Chen Weiwen Deputy Brigadier
Tran Duc Thong †
Le Lenh Son, CO HQ-605
Vu Phi Tru †, CO HQ-604
Vu Huy Le, CO HQ-505
Units involved
Nanchong (502) (Jiangnan class) frigate
Xiangtan (556) (Jianghu-II class) frigate
Yingtan (531) (Jiangdong class) frigate		 HQ-505 (ex Quy Nhon HQ-504) tank landing ship
HQ-604 transport
HQ-605 transport
Casualties and losses

Per China:
1 wounded[3][4]

Per Vietnam:
6 killed, 18 wounded, 3 landing craft damaged[5]		 64 killed[6][7]
11 wounded
9 captured[8]
2 transporters sunk
1 tank landing ship destroyed

The Johnson South Reef Skirmish was an altercation that took place on 14 March 1988 between Chinese and Vietnamese forces over who would control the Johnson South Reef in the Union Banks region of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.

Background

The 14th UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) agreed that China would establish five observation posts for worldwide ocean survey, including one in the Spratly Islands,[9] and they commissioned China to build an observation post there in March 1987.[9] The Delegate of the People's Republic of China (PRC) spoke highly of GLOSS (Global Sea Level Observing System) during the meeting of the UNESCO IOC in Paris, but he noted what the PRC considered to be a few mistakes in the text of Document IOC/INF-663; for example, "Taiwan" is listed as a "country" in relevant tables contained in the document.[10][11] The scientists from the GLOSS did not know that the PRC claims that Taiwan is not a separate country; nor did they know about the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. They agreed that China would install tide gauges on its coasts in the East China Sea, and on what the PRC calls its Nansha Islands in the South China Sea. The scientists did not know that Taiwan occupied one of the Spratly Islands, but (despite its territorial claims), at that time China occupied none.[12] After numerous surveys and patrols, in April 1987 China chose Fiery Cross Reef as the ideal (from their point of view) location for the observation post, because the unoccupied reef was remote from other settlements, and it was large enough for the observation post.[9] On the other hand, Johnson South Reef in the Union Banks sunken atoll, (150 km east of Fiery Cross Reef), is close to the Vietnamese inhabited Sin Cowe Island (also in the Union Banks), and it is also within the 200-nautical-mile Economic Exclusion Zone of the Philippines; in other words, Johnson South Reef is in a high profile and highly disputed area.[13][14] In January and February 1988, Vietnamese forces began establishing a presence at surrounding reefs, including Collins Reef and Lansdowne Reef in the Union Banks, in order to monitor Chinese activity.[9] This led to a series of confrontations.[9]

Course

China's account

On 13 March, the frigate Nanchong detected People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) armed naval transport HQ-604 heading toward Johnson South Reef, transport HQ-605 heading toward Lansdowne Reef, and landing craft HQ-505 heading toward Collins Reef in a simultaneous three-pronged intrusion upon the disputed reefs.[15]

At approximately 07:30 on Johnson South Reef, Vietnamese troops attempted to erect the Vietnamese flag on the reef. It was reported that PAVN Corporal Nguyen Van Lanh and PAVN Sub Lieutenant Tran Van Phuong argued over the flag raising with People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) sailor Du Xianghou, which led to a pitched battle between the opposing forces on the reef. In response, Vietnamese forces, with naval transport HQ-604 in support, opened fire.[15] PLAN forces and the frigate Nanchong counter-attacked at 08:47 hours. Transport HQ-604 was set ablaze and sunk.[15]

At 09:15 hours, the frigate Xiangtan arrived at Lansdowne Reef and found that nine Vietnamese marines from transport HQ-605 had already landed. The frigate Xiangtan immediately hailed the Vietnamese and demanded they withdraw from the reef. Instead, the Vietnamese opened fire.[15] HQ-605 was damaged heavily and finally sunk by the Chinese.[15]

Vietnam's account

In January 1988, China sent a group of ships from Hainan to the southern part of the South China Sea. This included four ships, including three frigates, dispatched to the north-west of the Spratly Islands. The four ships then began provoking and harassing the Vietnamese ships around Tizard Bank and the London Reefs. Vietnam believed this battle group intended to create a reason to "occupy the Spratly Islands in a preventive counterstrike".[16]

In response, two transport ships from the Vietnamese Navy's 125th Naval Transport Brigade, HQ-604 and HQ-505, were mobilized. They carried nearly 100 army officers and men to Johnson South Reef (Đá Gạc Ma), Collins Reef (Đá Cô Lin), and Lansdowne Reef (Đá Len Đao) in the Spratly Islands.[17] On 14 March 1988, as the soldiers from HQ-604 were moving construction materials to Johnson South Reef, the four Chinese ships arrived.[17] The three Chinese frigates approached the reef:

Commander Tran Duc Thong ordered Second Lieutenant Tran Van Phuong and two men, Nguyen Van Tu and Nguyen Van Lanh, to rush to the reef in a small boat and protect the Vietnamese flag that had been planted there the previous day.[17] The Chinese landed armed soldiers on the reef, and the PLAN frigates opened fire on the Vietnamese ships. Both the HQ-604 and HQ-605 transport ships were sunk.[17] The HQ-505 transport ship was ordered to run aground on Collins reef to prevent the Chinese from taking it.[17]

Vietnamese soldiers, most of them unarmed,[8][21] formed a circle on the reef to protect the Vietnamese flag. The Chinese attacked, and the Vietnamese soldiers resisted as best they could.[17] A skirmish ensued in which the Chinese shot and bayoneted some Vietnamese soldiers to death, but the Chinese were unable to capture the flag.[17] The Chinese finally retreated enabling PLAN frigates to open fire on the reef's defenders. When all of the Vietnamese had been killed or wounded, the Chinese occupied the reef and began building a bunker. 64 Vietnamese soldiers had been killed in the battle according to Vietnamese reports.[16][22] Vietnam also accused China of refusing to allow Vietnam's Red Cross ship to recover bodies and rescue wounded soldiers.[23]

Independent account

Cheng Tun-jen and Tien Hung-mao, two American professors, summarized the skirmish as follows: in late 1987, the PRC started deploying troops to some of the unoccupied reefs of the Spratly Islands. Soon after the PLA stormed the Johnson South Reef on 14 March 1988, a skirmish began between Vietnamese troops and PRC landing parties. Within a year, the PLA occupied and took over seven reefs and rocks in the Spratly Islands.[24]

Koo Min Gyo, Assistant Professor in the Department of Public Administration at Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea, reported the battle's course was as follows: On 31 January 1988, two Vietnamese armed cargo ships approached the Fiery Cross Reef to get construction material to build structures signifying Vietnam's claim over the reef.[9] However, the PLAN intercepted the ships and forced them away from the reef.[9] On 17 February, a group of Chinese ships (a PLAN destroyer, escort, and transport ships) and several Vietnamese ships (a minesweeper and armed freighter) all attempted to land troops at Cuarteron Reef. Eventually the outgunned Vietnamese ships were forced to withdraw.[9] On 13 and 14 March, a PLAN artillery frigate was surveying the Johnson Reef when it spotted three Vietnamese ships approaching its location.[9] Both sides dispatched troops to occupy Johnson Reef.[9] After shots were fired by ground forces on the reef, the Chinese and Vietnamese ships opened fire on each other.[9]

Aftermath

China moved quickly to consolidate its presence. By the end of 1988, it had occupied six reefs and atolls in the Spratly Islands.[9]

On 2 September 1991, China released the nine Vietnamese prisoners taken during the Johnson South Reef Skirmish.[8]

In 1994, China had a similar confrontation by asserting its ownership of Mischief Reef, which was inside the claimed EEZ of the Philippines. However, the Philippines only made a political protest, since according to the Henry L. Stimson Center, the Philippine Navy decided to avoid direct confrontation. This was partly based on the Johnson South Reef Skirmish, in which the Chinese had killed Vietnamese troops even though the conflict took place near the Vietnamese-controlled area.[25][1][26]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Koh, Lean Collin; Tri, Ngo. "Learning From the Battle of the Spratly Islands". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  2. ↑ Mark, Mark. The Impact of the Johnson South Reef Skirmish on the South China Sea Conflict.
  3. ↑ 海南省地方志编纂委员会 (1993-11-22). "第三章第四节 自卫反击战". 海南省省志 (in Chinese (China)). 北京: 方志出版社. ISBN 9787514412376.
  4. ↑ "General Chen Weiwen recalls the Battle of Nansha". news.qq.com. 现代舰船. 2011-12-22. Archived from the original on 2016-04-29. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  5. ↑ 余克_，_耀斌主_ (January 2011). _共_党_系90年__. 九州社 崧博出版社. ISBN 9787510809699. Archived from the original on 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  6. ↑ Martin Petty; Simon Cameron-Moore. "Vietnam protesters denounce China on anniversary of navy battle". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
  7. ↑ TRƯỜNG TRUNG – QUỐC NAM. "Lễ tưởng niệm 64 anh hùng liệt sĩ bảo vệ Gạc Ma". Tuổi Trẻ. Archived from the original on 2017-03-26. Retrieved 2016-05-07.
  8. 1 2 3 "Deadly fight against Chinese for Gac Ma Reef remembered". Thanh Nien News. 14 March 2013. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Koo, Min Gyo (2010). Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia. The Political Economy of the Asia Pacific. New York, NY: Springer New York. p. 154. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-89670-0. ISBN 978-0-387-89669-4.
  10. ↑ Taiwan's official title is in fact the "Republic of China", though within Taiwan and internationally the nation is commonly referred to as "Taiwan, Republic of China", or simply "Taiwan".
  11. ↑ "IOC. Assembly; 14th session; (Report)" (PDF). 1 April 1987. p. 41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  12. ↑ "South China Sea Treacherous Shoals", Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 August 1992: p14-17
  13. ↑ "Territorial claims in the Spratly and Paracel Islands". GlobalSecurity.org. 11 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 August 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  14. ↑ "Digital Gazetteer of Spratly Islands". www.southchinasea.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
    - Version dated 19 August 2011 is available at: "Digital Gazetteer of Spratly Islands". www.southchinasea.org. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014. This list includes the names of all Spratly features known to be occupied and/or above water at low tide.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 "Secrets of the Sino-Vietnamese skirmish in the South China Sea Archived 2013-05-31 at the Wayback Machine", WENWEIPO.COM LIMITED, March 14, 1988.
  16. 1 2 Hồng Chuyên. "Một phần Trường Sa của Việt Nam bị Trung Quốc chiếm như thế nào? (bài 8) (How China took a part of Vietnam's Spratly Islands)". infornet. Infornews. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 QUỐC VIỆT (1988-03-14). ""Vòng tròn bất tử" trên bãi Gạc Ma (The immortal circle in the Johnson South Reef)". Tuổi Trẻ. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  18. ↑ "Jiangnan – People's Liberation Army Navy". fas.org. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  19. ↑ "Jianghu-class frigates – People's Liberation Army Navy". fas.org. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  20. ↑ "Jiangdong-class Frigate – People's Liberation Army Navy". fas.org. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  21. ↑ Mai Thanh Hai – Vu Ngoc Khanh (14 March 2016). "Vietnamese soldiers remember 1988 Spratlys battle against Chinese". thanhniennews.com. Thanh Nien News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  22. ↑ H.QUÂN – V.TÌNH – X.HOÀI (2014-03-14). "Tưởng niệm 64 anh hùng liệt sĩ hy sinh bảo vệ đảo Gạc Ma ngày 14-3-1988 (Honoring 64 martyrs who died for protecting the Johnson South Reef in 14-03-1988)". Vietbao. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  23. ↑ Từ Đặng Minh Thu (7 January 2008). "Tranh chấp Trường Sa – Hoàng Sa: Giải quyết cách nào? (Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands dispute: How to resolve?)". Công an Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh. Công an Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh Magazine. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  24. ↑ Cheng, Tun-jen; Tien, Hung-mao (2000). The Security environment in the Asia-Pacific. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe. p. 264. ISBN 0-7656-0539-2.
  25. ↑ Cronin, Richard P. (2010-02-04). "China's Activities in Southeast Asia and the Implications for U.S. Interests" (PDF). www.uscc.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  26. ↑ Mark, Mark (Aug 4, 2016). The Impact of the Johnson South Reef Skirmish on the South China Sea Conflict. p. 2.

Bibliography

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