Anopheles arabiensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Culicidae
Genus: Anopheles
Species:
A. arabiensis
Binomial name
Anopheles arabiensis
Patton, 1905

Anopheles arabiensis[1] is a zoophilic species of mosquito and a vector of disease endemic to Africa.

Genome

Polytene chromosomes have a high degree of gene polymorphism due to paracentric inversions. This is also unusually high for the genus. (See the chapter by Kitzmiller 1976.)[2] There is a well studied adaptive inversion. Kirkpatrick and Barrett 2015 and Sharakhov et al. 2006 find an inversion providing A. arabiensis with some of its adaptation to arid environments. They also find this inversion has been introgressed across more widely in the genus, providing similar adaptive benefit.[3]

Symbionts

Not thought to naturally serve as a host of Wolbachia[4] until Baldini et al. 2018 showed to the contrary.[5][6]

Hosts

Hosts include Bos taurus.[7] A. arabiensis is especially known as a zoophilic haematophage.[8]

Parasites

Not a vector of Plasmodium berghei.[9]

Range

The distribution is Afrotropical. There was a brief invasion into Brazil in 1930 but this was quickly eradicated. (Note that this was long misidentified as an invasion by A. gambiae. Only with genetic tools and a great deal of time did Parmekalis et al. 2008 find it to really have been A. arabiensis.)[10] The investigations regarding the ecology of A. arabiensis by Gwitira et al. 2018, Ageep et al. 2009 and Fuller et al. 2012a help to model the distribution of various avian malaria pathogens.[11]

Locally A. arabiensis' is especially known as an exophage and exophile.[8] Its movements through the local ecology are not sufficiently studied – Debebe et al. 2018 is one of the few investigations in this question.[12]

Control

Cyhalothrins (including λ-cyhalothrin) and DDT are commonly used. Mnzava et al. 1995 finds differential repellent effects between λc and DDT in the protection of cattle, partly due to DDT's excitorepellency. (Some of the difference is also due to differences in keeping cattle outside or inside. A. arabiensis' proclivity to enter or not enter, and exit or not exit barns treated with λc or DDT makes a difference.)[7]

Sterile insect technique shows promise in A. arabiensis. Irradiation in SIT is not simple however and dosage is a touchy variable. Sterile males are also injured more generally by the process and thus are less competitive. Helinski and Knols 2008 provide dosage information from their experiments with A. arabiensis which is needed to perform SIT successfully.[13]

This process requires separation of the sexes which historically has been done manually, greatly limiting throughput. Mashatola et al. 2018[14] reviews progress in automation, selective insecticide feeding, and genetic sexing strains.[13]

SIT may also be achieved by genetic modification, disabling the reproductive process. Catteruccia et al. 2005 produced such an A. arabiensis strain and demonstrates more generally that genetic SIT is tractable in this species.[4]

As of 2015 it has only recently been found that adult mosquitoes are vulnerable to entomopathogenic fungi. This has provoked interest in studying this kind of control, especially Kikankie et al. 2010's success with Beauveria bassiana.[15]

Understanding of A. arabiensis' movements through the landscape will need to improve to aid control efforts. Debebe et al. 2018 is one of very few contributions to this area.[12]

Insecticide resistance

Some resistant A. arabiensis populations are known. Ismail et al. 2018 find a high degree of pyrethroid resistance in Sudan and Opondo et al. 2019 find the same in The Gambia.[16] Hargreaves et al. 2003 finds DDT resistance in South Africa severe enough to impact efficacy.[17] Agricultural runoff encourages DDT resistance: A. arabiensis larvae grow in waste water pools nearby and are encouraged toward resistance by the insecticides applied to the crops. Oliver and Brooke 2013 find this to be especially problematic adjacent to maize cultivation.[18]

References

  1. ↑ "Anopheles arabiensis". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands.
  2. ↑ Krzywinski, Jaroslaw; Besansky, Nora J. (2003). "Molecular Systematics of Anopheles: From Subgenera to Subpopulations". Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews. 48 (1): 111–139. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112647. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 12208816.
  3. ↑ Angert, Amy L.; Bontrager, Megan G.; Ågren, Jon (2020-11-02). "What Do We Really Know About Adaptation at Range Edges?". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. Annual Reviews. 51 (1): 341–361. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012120-091002. ISSN 1543-592X. S2CID 228833318.
  4. 1 2 McGraw, Elizabeth A.; O'Neill, Scott L. (2013-02-15). "Beyond insecticides: new thinking on an ancient problem". Nature Reviews Microbiology. Nature Portfolio. 11 (3): 181–193. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2968. ISSN 1740-1526. PMID 23411863. S2CID 37101176.
  5. ↑ Caragata, Eric P.; Tikhe, Chinmay V.; Dimopoulos, George (2021-06-02). "Curious Entanglements: Interactions between Mosquitoes, their Microbiota, and Arboviruses". Current Opinion in Virology. Elsevier. 37: 26–36. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2019.05.005. PMC 6768729. PMID 31176069. NIHMS 1531069.
  6. ↑ Sicard, Mathieu; Bonneau, Manon; Weill, Mylène (2019). "Wolbachia prevalence, diversity, and ability to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility in mosquitoes" (PDF). Current Opinion in Insect Science. Elsevier. 34: 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.cois.2019.02.005. ISSN 2214-5745. PMID 31247412. S2CID 91796037.
  7. 1 2 Pates, Helen; Curtis, Christopher (2005-01-01). "Mosquito Behavior and Vector Control". Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews. 50 (1): 53–70. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130439. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 15355233.
  8. 1 2 "Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis Patton, 1905". Malaria Atlas. 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
  9. ↑ Sinden, Robert E.; Butcher, Geoff A.; Beetsma, A. L. (2002). "Maintenance of the Plasmodium berghei Life Cycle". Malaria Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Medicine. Vol. 72. New Jersey: Humana Press. pp. 25–40. doi:10.1385/1-59259-271-6:25. ISBN 1-59259-271-6. PMID 12125122.
  10. ↑ Molina-Cruz, Alvaro; Zilversmit, Martine M.; Neafsey, Daniel E.; Hartl, Daniel L.; Barillas-Mury, Carolina (2016-11-23). "Mosquito". Annual Review of Genetics. Annual Reviews. 50 (1): 447–465. doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-120215-035211. ISSN 0066-4197. PMID 27732796.
  11. ↑ Santiago-Alarcon, Diego; Alfonso, Marzal, eds. (2020). Avian Malaria and Related Parasites in the Tropics : Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. xiv+575. ISBN 978-3-030-51632-1. OCLC 1204140762. ISBN 978-3-030-51633-8.
  12. 1 2 Ignell, Rickard; Hill, Sharon Rose (2020). "Malaria mosquito chemical ecology". Current Opinion in Insect Science. Elsevier. 40: 6–10. doi:10.1016/j.cois.2020.03.008. ISSN 2214-5745. PMID 32422588. S2CID 216194693.
  13. 1 2 Caragata, E.P.; Dong, S.; Dong, Y.; Simões, M.L.; Tikhe, C.V.; Dimopoulos, G. (2020-09-08). "Prospects and Pitfalls: Next-Generation Tools to Control Mosquito-Transmitted Disease". Annual Review of Microbiology. Annual Reviews. 74 (1): 455–475. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-011320-025557. ISSN 0066-4227. PMID 32905752. S2CID 221625690.
  14. ↑ Mashatola, Thabo; Ndo, Cyrille; Koekemoer, Lizette L.; Dandalo, Leonard C.; Wood, Oliver R.; Malakoane, Lerato; Poumachu, Yacouba; Lobb, Leanne N.; Kaiser, Maria; Bourtzis, Kostas; Munhenga, Givemore (2018). "A review on the progress of sex-separation techniques for sterile insect technique applications against Anopheles arabiensis ". Parasites & Vectors. BioMed Central. 11 (S2): 127–171. doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3219-4. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 6304763. PMID 30583746.
  15. ↑ Lacey, L.A.; Grzywacz, D.; Shapiro-Ilan, D.I.; Frutos, R.; Brownbridge, M.; Goettel, M.S. (2015). "Insect pathogens as biological control agents: Back to the future" (PDF). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. Society for Invertebrate Pathology (AP). 132: 1–41. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.009. ISSN 0022-2011. PMID 26225455.
  16. ↑ Jeran, Nina; Grdiša, Martina; Varga, Filip; Šatović, Zlatko; Liber, Zlatko; Dabić, Dario; Biošić, Martina (2020-10-06). "Pyrethrin from Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium/Trevir./Sch. Bip.): biosynthesis, biological activity, methods of extraction and determination". Phytochemistry Reviews. Phytochemical Society of Europe + Phytochemical Society of North America (Springer). 20 (5): 875–905. doi:10.1007/s11101-020-09724-2. ISSN 1568-7767. S2CID 225152789. (MG ORCID: 0000-0002-4584-4851).
  17. ↑ Thomas, Matthew B.; Read, Andrew F. (2007-04-11). "Can fungal biopesticides control malaria?". Nature Reviews Microbiology. Nature Portfolio. 5 (5): 377–383. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1638. hdl:1842/2089. ISSN 1740-1526. PMID 17426726. S2CID 14460348.
  18. ↑ Williams, Adrian C; Hill, Lisa J (2019). "Nicotinamide and Demographic and Disease transitions: Moderation is Best". International Journal of Tryptophan Research. Sage. 12: 117864691985594. doi:10.1177/1178646919855940. ISSN 1178-6469. PMC 6610439. PMID 31320805.
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