In Greek mythology, Aeolus or Aiolos[1] (/ˈiːələs/; Ancient Greek: Αἴολος [ǎi̯.o.los], Greek: [ˈe.o.los] ⓘ) was the son of Hellen, the ruler of Aeolia (later called Thessaly), and the eponym of the Aeolians, one of the four main tribes of the Greeks. According to the mythographer Apollodorus, Aeolus was the father of seven sons: Cretheus, Sisyphus, Athamas, Salmoneus, Deion, Magnes, Perieres, and five daughters: Canace, Alcyone, Pisidice, Calyce, and Perimede. He was said to have killed his daughter Canace (or forced her to kill herself) because she had committed incest with her brother Macareus. This Aeolus was sometimes confused with the Aeolus who was the ruler of the winds.[2]

Family

Aeolus was one of the central figures in the myths that were invented to explain the origins of the Greek people. He was the grandson of Deucalion the founder of the Deucalionids, one of the two most important families in Greek mythology (the other being the Inachids, the descendants of Inachus who originated in Argos). Deucalion was the son of Prometheus, and the survivor of a great primordial flood, that covered much, if not all, of Greece (and the rest of the world, in late accounts). From Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha, sprang a new race of people, which repopulated Central Greece and the western Peloponnese. Deucalion and Pyrrha had a son Hellen, the eponym of the Hellenes, another name for the Greeks.[3]

From Hellen came the eponyms of the four major tribes of the Greek people. According to the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Helen had three sons: Dorus, Xuthus, and Aeolus. Dorus was the eponym of the Dorians, and Xuthus's sons Achaeus and Ion were, respectively, the eponyms of the Acheaens and Ionians. However, it was from Hellen's third son Aeolus, the eponym of the Aeolians, that most if not all, of the heroes and heroines of the Deucalionids come.[4]

The surviving Catalogue fragments do not contain the name of Aeolus' mother, but according to a scholion on Plato's Symposium citing Hellanicus (fl. late fifth century BC), her name was Othreis (Ὀθρηίς),[5] while according to Apollodorus she was a nymph named Orseis (Ὀρσηίς).[6] M. L. West says that both Othreis and Orseis are "probably" corruptions of Othyis (Ὀθρυίς), a nymph of Mount Othrys.[7]

According to Apollodorus, Aeolus, married Enarete, the daughter of Deimachus, and together they had seven sons and five daughters. Apollodorus lists the sons as Cretheus, Sisyphus, Athamas, Salmoneus, Deion, Magnes, and Perieres, and the daughters as Canace, Alcyone, Pisidice, Calyce, and Perimede.[8] The Hesiodic Catalogue also listed seven sons and five daughters, however only the names Cretheus, Athamas, Sisyphus, Salmoneus, Perieres, Pisidice, Alcyone, and Perimede are preserved.[9] Apollodorus's "Deion", "Calyce" and "Canace" would fit well into the missing gaps in the papyrus that preserves this part of the Catalogue, however, his "Magnes" conflicts with the Catalogues' use of that name elsewhere.[10] Hellanicus apparently also had Aeolus as the father of Salmoneus by Iphis.[5]

Other sources give other children by other mothers. The tragic playwright Euripides made Melanippe a daughter of Aeolus and Hippe (or Hippo), daughter of the Centaur Cheiron.[11] According to the Roman mythographer Hyginus, the Macareus who had a tragic love affair with his sister Canace, was the son of "Aeolus son of Hellen".[12] Xuthus, Aeolus' brother according to the Hesiodic Catalogue, and Apollodorus, was also said to be his son.[13] Others who were sometimes said to have had Aeolus as a father include: Macedon,[14] Minyas,[15] Mimas,[16] Cercaphus,[17] Aethlius,[18] Ceyx,[19] Arne,[20] Antiope,[21] Tanagra,[22] Iope[23] and Tritogeneia.[24]

Comparative table of immediate family
Relation Names Sources
Homer Hes. Eur. Hellan. Sch. on Il. Apollon. Diod. Str. Hyg. Ovid Apollod. Paus. Clem. Step. Eus.
Parents Hellen ✓[26] ✓[27] ✓[28] ✓[29]
Zeus ✓[30]
Hellen and Othreis ✓[31]
Hellen and Orseis ✓[6]
Mothers of his children Hippe (or Hippo) ✓[32] ✓[33]
Eurydice ✓[34]
Iphis ✓[31]
Aegiale ✓[35]
Enarete ✓[6]
Sons[36] Sisyphus ✓[37] ✓[38] ✓Eu.[34] ✓[39] ✓En.[6] ✓[40]
Cretheus ✓[38] ✓Eu.[34] ✓[41] ✓En.[6] ✓[42]
Athamas ✓[38] ✓[41] ✓[43] ✓[44] ✓En.[6] ✓[45]
Salmoneus ✓[38] ✓Eu.[34] ✓I.[31] ✓[28] ✓[46] ✓En.[6]
Perieres ✓[38] ✓En.[6] ✓[47]
Xuthus ✓[30] ✓[48]
Macedon ✓[49] ✓[50]
Minyas ?[51] ✓[52]
Mimas ✓[53]
Cercaphus ✓[17]
Macareus (or Macar) ✓[54] ?[55] ?[56]
Deion ?[57] ✓[58] ✓En.[6]
Magnes ✓En.[6] ✓[59]
Aethlius ✓[18]
Ceyx ✓[19]
Daughters[36] Arne ✓[60] ✓[61]
Alcyone ✓[62] ✓A.[35] ✓[63] ✓En.[6]
Canace ?[64] ✓[65] ✓[55] ✓En.[6]
Melanippe ✓H.[34] ✓H.[33]
Antiope ✓[66]
Pisidice ✓[67] ✓En.[6]
Calyce ?[68] ✓En.[6]
Perimede ✓[69] ✓En.[6]
Tanagra ✓[70]
Iope ✓[71]

Mythology

Apart from being the progenitor of many important descendants, Aeolus himself was of little mythological note.[72] However he does play a role in one myth involving Hippe ('Mare'), the daughter of the Centaur Cheiron. Aeolus seduced Hippe, producing a daughter Melanippe, about whom the tragic playwright Euripides wrote two lost plays. The story, as it apparently appeared in Euripides' plays, is preserved in the astronomical literature of Eratosthenes and Hyginus. According to these sources, after becoming pregnant with Aeolus' child, Hippe fled into the mountains to escape the discovery of her pregnancy by her father Cheiron. When she was about to give birth and be discovered by her father, who had arrived in search of her, Hippe prayed to the gods to be made unrecognizable, and she was transformed into a horse and placed among the stars, becoming the constellation "the Horse" (modern Pegasus).[73]

The Romans Ovid, and Hyginus, tell of the tragic love affair between Aeolus' son Macareus and his daughter Canace.[74] According to Hyginus, after the incest Macareus killed himself, and Aeolus killed Canace. While, according to Ovid, Aeolus threw out Canace's new born baby as "prey to dogs and hungry birds", and gave Canace a sword and commanded her to kill herself with it.[75]

This Aeolus was sometimes confused (or identified) with the Aeolus who is the keeper of the winds encountered by Odysseus in Homer's Odyssey.[76] The confusion perhaps first occurs in Euripides' lost tragedy Aeolus, where, although clearly based on the Odyssey's Aeolus, Euripides' Aeolus is, like Aeolus the son of Hellen, the father of a daughter Canace, and if the two are not identified, then they seem, at least, to be related.[77] Although in the Odyssey, that Aeolus, was the son of Hippotes,[78] Hyginus, describes the Aeolus encountered by Odysseus as "Aeolus, son of Hellen, to whom control of the winds had been given by Jove [the Roman equivalent of Zeus]".[79] Ovid has Alcyone, as well as the tragic lovers Canace and Macareus, being children of an Aeolus who was the ruler of the winds, and calls Alcyone "Hippotades", ie. a descendant of Hippotes.[80]

Notes

  1. ↑ According to Kerényi, p. 206, the name means both "the mobile" and "the many coloured", while Rose, s.v. Aeolus 1 associates the name, "perhaps by derivation", with "the changeable".
  2. ↑ Grimal, s.v. Aeolus; Tripp, s.v. Aeolus 1; H. J. Rose, s.v. Aeolus 2; Hard 2004, pp. 401, 410–411, 420; Smith, s.v. Aeolus 1; Parada, s.v. Aeolus 1.
  3. ↑ Hard 2004, p. 401; Gantz, pp. 164–167; Apollodorus, 1.7.2. Compare Hesiod frr. 3, 5 Most (Most, pp. 44–47).
  4. ↑ Hard 2004, pp. 401, 404–405; Gantz, p. 167; Hesiod frr. 9, 10.20–23 Most (Most, pp. 48, 49, 52, 53); Hesiod fr. 4 Evelyn-White (Evelyn-White, pp. 156, 157)]; Apollodorus, 1.7.3. Ion is probably the missing name of the second child of Xuthus given in Hesiod fr 10a.23, see Gantz, p. 167; Most p. 53.
  5. 1 2 Scholia on Plato's Symposium 208d (Cufalo, pp. 108–10) [= BNJ fr. 125 (with English translation) = FGrHist 4 F125 = Hellanicus fr. 125 Fowler (Fowler 2000, pp. 200–1)]. For a discussion of Hellanicus fr. 125, see Fowler 2013, pp. 489–493.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Apollodorus, 1.7.3.
  7. ↑ West, p. 57.
  8. ↑ Hard 2004, p. 401; Grimal, s.v. Aeolus; Apollodorus, 1.7.3. For a comprehensive discussion of the descendants of Aeolus see Hard, pp. 409–436, along with genealogical tables pp. 703–707; Gantz, pp. 167–183.
  9. ↑ Gantz, pp. 167–169; Hesiod frr. 10, 12 Most (Most, pp. 52, 53, 58–61).
  10. ↑ Gantz, pp. 167, 182; Hesiod fr. 7 Most (Most, pp. 48, 49). Gantz, p 182, discusses the evidence for "Minyas" as the name of the seventh son.
  11. ↑ Hard 2004, pp. 409–410; Gantz, pp. 168, 734; Euripides, Melanippe Wise test. i, fr. 481 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 572, 573, 578, 579).
  12. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 238, 242. Euripides in his lost play Aeolus apparently made Macareus the youngest son of "Aeolus, who had mastery of the winds from the gods and lived on the islands off Etruria" (Euripides, Aeolus test. ii (Collard and Cropp, pp. 16, 17)); compare with Plutarch, Parallela minora 28, which says that Macareus was the youngest son of "Aeolus, king of the Etruscans", and Pausanias, 10.38.4, which says that the Locrian city of Amphissa was said to have derived its name from "Amphissa, daughter of Macar, son of Aeolus".
  13. ↑ Frazer's note 1 to Apollodorus 1.7.3, citing Schol. on Hom. Il. 1.2; Euripides, Ion 57–63.
  14. ↑ Hellanicus fr. 74 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 183; Fowler 2013, pp. 155–156; Eustathius of Thessalonica on Dionysius Periegetes 427, cited by Fowler 2013, p. 156.
  15. ↑ Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 3.1093–2094, who also has Cretheus and Athamas as sons of Aeolus (3.360).
  16. ↑ Diodorus Siculus, 4.67.3
  17. 1 2 Strabo, 9.5.18.
  18. 1 2 Pausanias, 5.8.2.
  19. 1 2 Clement of Alexandria, 4 47 P (pp. 122, 123).
  20. ↑ Fowler 2013, p. 188 (citing Scholia on Iliad 2.494); Pausanias, 9.40.5. Compare with Diodorus Siculus, 4.67.3, which makes Arne the daughter of Aeolus son of Hippotes.
  21. ↑ Bell, s.v. Antiope (4); Hyginus, Fabulae 157.
  22. ↑ Bell, s.v. Tanagra; Pausanias, 9.20.1.
  23. ↑ Bell, s.v. Iope (1); Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Iope.
  24. ↑ Smith, s.v. Trigoneia: "a daughter of Aeolus, and the wife of Minyas, or according to others, the mother of Minyas by Poseidon", citing Tzetzes on Lycophron 873; Scholia on Pindar, Pythian 4.120.
  25. ↑ Grimal, p. 531; Hard 2004, p. 702.
  26. ↑ Hesiod fr. 5 Most (Most, pp. 46, 47) [= Hesiod fr. 4 MW = Scholiast on Homer's Odyssey 10.2].
  27. ↑ Euripides, Melanippe Wise test. i, fr. 481 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 572, 573, 578, 579).
  28. 1 2 Diodorus Siculus, 4.68.1.
  29. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 125, De Astronomica 2.18.2.4–5 (Hard 2015, p. 51).
  30. 1 2 Euripides, Ion 57–63.
  31. 1 2 3 Hellanicus fr. 125 Fowler (Fowler 2000, pp. 200–1) [= BNJ fr. 125 (with English translation) = Scholia on Plato's Symposium 208d (Cufalo, pp. 108–10) = FGrHist 4 F125. For a discussion of Hellanicus fr. 125, see Fowler 2013, pp. 489–493.
  32. ↑ Gantz, p. 734; Euripides, Melanippe Wise test. i, fr. 481 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 572, 573, 578, 579).
  33. 1 2 Hard 2004, p. 410; Hard 2015, pp. 49, 51; Hyginus, De Astronomica 2.18.2.1–5.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Euripides, Melanippe Wise test. i (Collard and Cropp, pp. 572, 573).
  35. 1 2 Hyginus, Fabulae 65.
  36. 1 2 The letters following a check mark are an abbreviation of the mother's name, the absence of a name means that no mother is mentioned in the corresponding source.
  37. ↑ Homer, Iliad 6.154.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 Hesiod fr. 10.25–27 Most (Most, pp. 52, 53) [= fr. 10a.25–27 MW = Turner papyrus fr. 1-3 col. I-II = Oxyrhynchus papyrus 2822 fr. 2 = Scholium on Pindar's Pythians 4.253c = Hesiod fr. 4 Evelyn-White (pp. 156, 157)].
  39. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 60, 61, 239.
  40. ↑ Pausanias, 10.31.10.
  41. 1 2 Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 3.360.
  42. ↑ Pausanias, 4.2.5.
  43. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 1, 5.
  44. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.512–513, where Athamas is given the patronymic Aeolides, meaning the son of Aelois, see Smith, s.v. Aeliodes.
  45. ↑ Pausanias, 7.3.6.
  46. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 60, 61.
  47. ↑ Pausanias, 2.21.7, 4.2.2.
  48. ↑ Frazer's note 1 to Apollodorus 1.7.3, citing Schol. on Hom. Il. 1.2.
  49. ↑ Hellanicus fr. 74 Fowler (Fowler 2000, p. 183; Fowler 2013, pp. 155–156.
  50. ↑ Eustathius of Thessalonica on Dionysius Periegetes 227, cited by Fowler 2013, p. 156.
  51. ↑ Gantz, pp. 167, 182; West, pp. 64–66.
  52. ↑ Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 3.1093–2094.
  53. ↑ Diodorus Siculus, 4.67.3.
  54. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 238, 242.
  55. 1 2 Ovid, Epistles 11, which makes the father of Macareus and Canace the ruler of the winds.
  56. ↑ Pausanias, 10.38.4, which mentions an "Amphissa, daughter of Macar, son of Aeolus".
  57. ↑ Gantz, p. 167; Hesiod fr. 10.28 Most.
  58. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.681, where Deion's son Cephalus is given the patronymic Aeolides, meaning (in this case) the grandson of Aelois, see Smith, s.v. Aeliodes.
  59. ↑ Pausanias, 6.21.11.
  60. ↑ Fowler 2013, p. 188, citing Scholia on Iliad 2.494.
  61. ↑ Pausanias, 9.40.5.
  62. ↑ Hesiod fr. 10.31–34, 96 Most (Most, pp. 52, 53, 58, 59) [= fr. 10a.31–34, 96 MW = Turner papyrus fr. 1-4 col. I-III = Oxyrhynchus papyrus 2483 fr. 1 col. II].
  63. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.415–416, 444–445, 457–458, 11.745–748.
  64. ↑ Hesiod fr. 10.31–34, 102 Most (Most, pp. 52, 53, 58, 59) [= fr. 10a.31–34, 102 MW = Turner papyrus fr. 1-4 col. I-III = Oxyrhynchus papyrus 2483 fr. 1 col. II].
  65. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 238.
  66. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 157.
  67. ↑ Hesiod fr. 10.31–34, 100 Most (Most, pp. 52, 53, 58, 59) [= fr. 10a.31–34, 100 MW = Turner papyrus fr. 1-4 col. I-III = Oxyrhynchus papyrus 2483 fr. 1 col. II].
  68. ↑ Hesiod fr. 10.31–34 Most (Most, pp. 52, 53, 58, 59) [= fr. 10a.31–34, 102 MW = Turner papyrus fr. 1-4 col. I-III = Oxyrhynchus papyrus 2483 fr. 1 col. II].
  69. ↑ Hesiod fr. 10.31–34 Most (Most, pp. 52, 53) [= fr. 10a.31–34 MW = Turner papyrus fr. 1-3 col. I-II].
  70. ↑ Pausanias, 9.20.1.
  71. ↑ Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. Iope.
  72. ↑ Hard 2004, p. 409, describes him as "little more than a cipher" and "an eponym and genealogical link rather than a hero of myth". And, in fact, Gantz, p. 167, describes all the early descendants of Deucalion and Pyrrha as "primarily eponymous ancestors or intermediate place-holders rather than actors in any real narratives."
  73. ↑ Hard 2004, pp. 409–410; Hard 2015, pp. 49–52; Eratosthenes, 18; Hyginus, De Astronomica 2.18.2.4–5.
  74. ↑ Euripides's lost tragedy Aeolus also told the story, see Collard and Cropp, pp.12–31; Gantz, p. 169.
  75. ↑ Rose, s.v. Aeolus 2; Smith, s.v. Aeolus 1; Hyginus, Fabulae 238, 242; Ovid, Epistles 11, Tristia, 2.384. Compare with Plutarch, Parallela minora 28.
  76. ↑ Hard 2004, p. 409; Gantz, pp. 167, 169; Grimal s.v. Aeolus; Tripp, s.vv. Aeolus 1, 2; Parada, s.v. Aeolus 1;
  77. ↑ Gantz, p. 169; Euripides fr. 14 (Collard and Cropp, pp. 16, 17) [= Strabo 8.3.32]; Euripides fr. 14 (Nauck, p. 366) (not in Collard and Cropp). For a discussion of the play along with the surviving testimonies and fragments see Collar and Cropp, pp. 31.
  78. ↑ Homer, Odyssey 10.1–12.
  79. ↑ Hyginus, Fabulae 125.
  80. ↑ Alcyone daughter of Aeolus: Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.415–416, 444–445, 457–458; Alycone called "Hippotades": Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.431; Alcyone's father Aeolus as ruler of the winds: Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.745–748; Canace and Macareus' father Aeolus as ruler of the winds: Ovid, Epistles 11.13–15.

References

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