1973–1975 Wollo–Tigray famine
Mother with starving child in Amhara region, c. 1973.
CountryEthiopia
LocationWollo and Tigray provinces
Period1973–1975[1]
Excess mortality250,000[1]
Consequences
  • Peasant and nomad revolution and resistant movement
  • Students' demonstration in Addis Ababa
Succeeded by1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia

The 1973–1975 Wollo–Tigray famine was a provincial, and later nationwide, series of famines in the Ethiopian Empire during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie. The first famine was reported in Tigray Province in 1958, after prolonged negligence of the imperial government for years until a report of Were Ilu famine to the Ministry of the Interior in 1965. In November 1965, after the situation came to light to police, the information reached the Emperor - taking 320 days - and the Emperor reinforced the Ministry of the Interior to respond to local Wollo officials for enlisting the victims of the famine.[2]

The famine widely ravaged the two provinces as well as converging areas such as Afar-inhabited arid region by early 1972. During 1972 and 1973, the famine killed between 40,000 and 80,000 people.[3] In response, the government initiated the Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (RRC), a department that aimed to reduce the famine severity and coordinate international assistance.[2]

The famine led to mobilisation of pastoralists and nomads in general, while allowing feudal landlords to force tenants to pay high rents while escorting their retinue of armed guards.

The Wollo famine is regarded as the main cause of Haile Selassie's government collapse. It has been estimated that the death toll reached 250,000 people in 1975.[1] This coupled the peasants revolution in Ethiopia, which continued through the successive Derg regime. Similarly was the rebellion of Dejazmach Berhane Meskel, who assaulted former landlords and government security forces, as well as attacking the Derg government for multiple years.

Event

The first wave of famine occurred in Tigray Province in 1958, without significant government relief.[4] In 1965/1966, report of the famine in Were Ilu reached the Ministry of the Interior on November 1965, a month after the situation was told to the police without any measure. The information took 320 days to reach the Emperor, who then reinforced the Ministry to respond to local Wollo officials to enlist the victims of the famine. There was also a small relief effort in regard to security problems.[2]

During the years 1958 and 1965/1966, tens of thousands of people were killed during the famine.[5] During the years of 1972/1973, Wollo was struck by famine killing between 40,000 and 80,000 people.[3][6] In response, the government established the Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (RRC) department to reduce future famines and coordinate international assistance.[7] The Wollo famine was widely blamed on drought, however was mainly a result of terrible government response, an impoverished social system, and a cover-up by the government.[8][9]

The famine also affected Afar pastoralists during early 1972.[10][11] The Afars used posture over the large area to support their herds. The drought forced them to move into Tcheffa Valley, on the rift valley escarpment, and pasture along the inland delta of the Awash River where water was abandoned to the desert.[2] The valley was the location of sorghum farmland in the 1960s, where small farmers in its vicinity moved to the area for commerce. Meanwhile, large cotton plantations developed along Awash River. By 1972, 50,000 hectares of irrigated land had displaced 20,000 Afar pastoralists.[12][13] In the early 1970s, the Afar mobility was restricted by supply of weaponry to their neighbor nomads and competitors - the Issa - who were ethnic Somali.[14][15]

The second group who suffered from the severe famine were farmers residing in the middle altitude of north-central Wollo Province, who were tenants. The Raya and Azebo Oromos, who were in a dominant position in opposition during the Woyane Rebellion, experienced land alienation, while others were forced to mortgage or sell their land in response to the distress of harvest failures in the early 1970s.[16] Landlords took advantage of tenants' destitution by forcing them to pay large rents, often in-kind manner. The demand mainly took place by coercion as influential landlords had retinue of armed guards. As a result, the famine area exported grain to the provincial capital, Dessie and to Addis Ababa in 1973.[2]

At the latter point, the peasants and nomads of Wollo began sabotaging the Haile Selassie reputation by starving, and resolved to ignore them.[17][18]

1975 Northern rebellions

The Wollo famine contributed to Haile Selassie's government collapse, not only the hunger among peasants and nomads, but also swept among the students and middle classes of Addis Ababa. In the early 1970s, there was a peasant revolution involving feudal leaders in each of the northern provinces; the Wollo group revolt was led by a feudal lord Dejazmach Berhane Meskel.[19][20] After the fall of Haile Selassie's government following the Ethiopian Revolution, he destroyed Ethiopian Airlines DC–3 at Lalibela on 14 March 1975.[21][22][23] He again rallied supporters in October after spree killings of the former landlords by peasants and government security officers.[19]

Berhane's forces were eventually defeated by the Derg militia and air force attacks near Woldiya in December 1975, but continued rebellion against the government for years.[2]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Webb, Patrick; Braun, Joachim Von; Yohannes, Yisehac (1992). Famine in Ethiopia: Policy Implications of Coping Failure at National and Household Levels. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. ISBN 978-0-89629-095-2. Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "EVIL DAYS - Human Rights Watch" (PDF). 5 October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Ethiopia's unforgettable famines: Here's why they really happen". 5 October 2022. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  4. ↑ "Ethiopia Drought 1 Famine" (PDF). 5 October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  5. ↑ Mah'derom, Saba. "A Tale Familiar to Three Generations of Tigrayans". Archived from the original on 2022-01-30. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  6. ↑ Conley, Bridget (2019-03-13). Memory from the Margins: Ethiopia's Red Terror Martyrs Memorial Museum. Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-13495-2. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
  7. ↑ Vestal, Theodore M. (1985). "Famine in Ethiopia: Crisis of Many Dimensions". Africa Today. 32 (4): 7–28. ISSN 0001-9887. JSTOR 4186321. Archived from the original on 2022-08-26. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  8. ↑ Lemma, Hailu (1985). "The Politics of Famine in Ethiopia". Review of African Political Economy. 12 (33): 44–58. doi:10.1080/03056248508703632. ISSN 0305-6244. JSTOR 4005667.
  9. ↑ "Does the Idealism of Untouched Nature Contribute to Famine?" (PDF). 5 October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  10. ↑ "- THE LOOMING FAMINE IN ETHIOPIA". www.govinfo.gov. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  11. ↑ "THE INTRICATE ROAD TO DEVELOPMENT" (PDF). 5 October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  12. ↑ Kloos, Helmut (1982). "Development, Drought, and Famine in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia". African Studies Review. 25 (4): 21–48. doi:10.2307/524399. ISSN 0002-0206. JSTOR 524399. S2CID 144678122. Archived from the original on 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  13. ↑ "MIRACLE OR MIRAGE?" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  14. ↑ "Ethiopia: Afar-Issa land dispute, Flash Update (As of 27 January 2021) - Ethiopia | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. Archived from the original on 2022-08-21. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  15. ↑ "a critical analysis of issa-afar violence in ethiopia" (PDF). 5 October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  16. ↑ A, Mohammed (2012-07-30). "Oromo Struggle: causes of the conundrum and towards a covenant". OPride.com. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  17. ↑ "Famine and Forced - relocations in ethiopia - 1984-1986" (PDF). 5 October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  18. ↑ "LAW, DEVELOPMENT AND THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION" (PDF). 5 October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  19. 1 2 "A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front" (PDF). 5 October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  20. ↑ "Local history of Ethiopia : Lala - Lazole Reidabe" (PDF). 5 October 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  21. ↑ Guttery, Ben R. (1998). Encyclopedia of African Airlines. Ben Guttery. ISBN 978-0-7864-0495-7. Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  22. ↑ Mols, Jozef (2022-06-20). Ethiopian Airlines: The African Aviation Powerhouse. Key Publishing. ISBN 978-1-80282-152-9. Archived from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  23. ↑ Keesing's Contemporary Archives. Keesing's Limited. 1975.
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