Da
Da
Example glyphs
Bengali-AssameseDa
TibetanDa
Thai
ท
Malayalam
ദ
Sinhala
ද
Ashoka BrahmiDa
DevanagariDa
Cognates
Hebrewד
GreekΔ
LatinD
CyrillicД
Properties
Phonemic representation/d/ /t/B
IAST transliterationd D
ISCII code pointC4 (196)

^B In Khmer

Da is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Da is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of द are:[1]

  • द [də] = 18 (१८)
  • दि [dɪ] = 1,800 (१ ८००)
  • दु [dʊ] = 180,000 (१ ८० ०००)
  • दृ [dri] = 18,000,000 (१ ८० ०० ०००)
  • दॢ [dlə] = 18×108 (१८×१०८)
  • दे [de] = 18×1010 (१८×१०१०)
  • दै [dɛː] = 18×1012 (१८×१०१२)
  • दो [doː] = 18×1014 (१८×१०१४)
  • दौ [dɔː] = 18×1016 (१८×१०१६)

Historic Da

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Da as found in standard Brahmi, Da was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Da. The Tocharian Da Da did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of da, in Kharoshthi (Da) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Da

The Brahmi letter Da, Da, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to the modern Latin D and Greek Delta.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Da can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Da historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)		Girnar
(~150 BCE)		Kushana
(~150-250 CE)		Gujarat
(~250 CE)		Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Da

The Tocharian letter Da is derived from the Brahmi Da, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Da with vowel marks
DaDāDiDīDuDūDrDr̄DeDaiDoDauDä

Kharoṣṭhī Da

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Da is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Dalet , and is thus related to D and Delta, in addition to the Brahmi Da.[2]

Devanagari Da

Da (द) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter દ, and the Modi letter 𑘟.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, द is pronounced as [də] or [d] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari द with vowel marks
DaDāDiDīDuDūDrDr̄DlDl̄DeDaiDoDauD
द दा दि दी दु दू दृ दॄ दॢ दॣ दे दै दो दौ द्

Conjuncts with द

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Da either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.[4]

Ligature conjuncts of द

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

  • द্ (d) + न (na) gives the ligature dna:

  • द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dra:

  • द্ (d) + द (da) gives the ligature dda:

  • द্ (d) + द্ (d) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ddra:

  • द্ (d) + द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature ddya:

  • द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ddʱma:

  • द্ (d) + ध্ (dʱ) + व (va) gives the ligature ddʱva:

  • न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature nddʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

  • द্ (d) + य (ya) gives the ligature dya:

Stacked conjuncts of द

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • छ্ (cʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature cʰda:

  • द্ (d) + ब (ba) gives the ligature dba:

  • द্ (d) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

  • द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:

  • द্ (d) + च (ca) gives the ligature dca:

  • द্ (d) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature dcʰa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍda:

  • द্ (d) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dḍa:

  • द্ (d) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature dḍʱa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍʱda:

  • द্ (d) + ग (ga) gives the ligature dga:

  • द্ (d) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature dɡʱa:

  • द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

  • द্ (d) + ह (ha) gives the ligature dha:

  • द্ (d) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dja:

  • द্ (d) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature djʰa:

  • द্ (d) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature djña:

  • द্ (d) + क (ka) gives the ligature dka:

  • द্ (d) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature dkʰa:

  • द্ (d) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dkṣa:

  • द্ (d) + ल (la) gives the ligature dla:

  • द্ (d) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature dḷa:

  • द্ (d) + म (ma) gives the ligature dma:

  • द্ (d) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dŋa:

  • द্ (d) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature dṇa:

  • द্ (d) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature dña:

  • द্ (d) + प (pa) gives the ligature dpa:

  • द্ (d) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature dpʰa:

  • द্ (d) + स (sa) gives the ligature dsa:

  • द্ (d) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature dʃa:

  • द্ (d) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dṣa:

  • द্ (d) + त (ta) gives the ligature dta:

  • द্ (d) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature dtʰa:

  • द্ (d) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature dṭa:

  • द্ (d) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature dṭʰa:

  • द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature dva:

  • द্ (d) + व্ (v) + य (ya) gives the ligature dvya:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + द (da) gives the ligature ŋda:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature rdva:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭda:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature ṭʰda:

Bengali Da

The Bengali script দ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, द. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter দ will sometimes be transliterated as "do" instead of "da". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̪o/. Like all Indic consonants, দ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali দ with vowel marks
dadādidīdudūdrdr̄dedaidodaud
দ দা দি দী দু দূ দৃ দৄ দে দৈ দো দৌ দ্

দ in Bengali-using languages

দ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with দ

Bengali দ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.[5]

  • ব্ (b) + দ (da) gives the ligature bda:

  • দ্ (d) + ভ (bʰa) gives the ligature dbʰa:

  • দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature dbʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • দ্ (d) + দ (da) gives the ligature dda:

  • দ্ (d) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • দ্ (d) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ddva, with the va phala suffix:

  • দ্ (d) + গ (ga) gives the ligature dga:

  • দ্ (d) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature dɡʱa:

  • দ্ (d) + ম (ma) gives the ligature dma:

  • দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature dra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • দ্ (d) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature drya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

  • দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature dva, with the va phala suffix:

  • দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature dya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ (da) gives the ligature nda:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ndva, with the va phala suffix:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature rda, with the repha prefix:

  • র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature rdra, with the repha prefix and ra phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdva, with the repha prefix and va phala suffix:

Gujarati Da

Gujarati Da.

Da (દ) is the eighteenth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Da Da with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Da.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, દ is pronounced as [də] or [d] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

DaDāDiDīDuDūDrDlDr̄Dl̄DĕDeDaiDŏDoDauD
Gujarati Da syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with દ

Gujarati દ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Da does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Da will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + દ (da) gives the ligature RDa:

  • દ્ (d) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DRa:

  • દ્ (d) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature DGa:

  • દ્ (d) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature DGha:

  • દ્ (d) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature DDha:

  • દ્ (d) + ન (na) gives the ligature DNa:

  • દ્ (d) + બ (ba) gives the ligature DBa:

  • દ્ (d) + મ (ma) gives the ligature DMa:

  • દ્ (d) + વ (va) gives the ligature DVa:

Javanese Da

Telugu Da

Telugu Da
Telugu subjoined Da
Telugu independent and subjoined Da.

Da (ద) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ದ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Da

Malayalam letter Da

Da (ദ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D, via the Grantha letter Da Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Da matras: Da, Dā, Di, Dī, Du, Dū, Dr̥, Dr̥̄, Dl̥, Dl̥̄, De, Dē, Dai, Do, Dō, Dau, and D.

Conjuncts of ദ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ഗ് (g) + ദ (da) gives the ligature gda:

  • ദ് (d) + ദ (da) gives the ligature dda:

  • ന് (n) + ദ (da) gives the ligature nda:

  • ബ് (b) + ദ (da) gives the ligature bda:

  • ദ് (d) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

Odia Da

Odia independent letter Da
Odia subjoined letter Da
Odia independent and subjoined letter Da.

Da (ଦ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D, via the Siddhaṃ letter Da Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Da with vowel matras
DaDāDiDīDuDūDr̥Dr̥̄Dl̥Dl̥̄DeDaiDoDauD
ଦଦାଦିଦୀଦୁଦୂଦୃଦୄଦୢଦୣଦେଦୈଦୋଦୌଦ୍

Conjuncts of ଦ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଦ୍ (d) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature dda:

  • ଦ୍ (d) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ddʱa:

  • ନ୍ (n) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature nda:

Kaithi Da

Kaithi consonant Da
Kaithi consonant Da.

Da (𑂠) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter D, via the Siddhaṃ letter Da Da. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Da with vowel matras
DaDāDiDīDuDūDeDaiDoDauD
𑂠𑂠𑂰𑂠𑂱𑂠𑂲𑂠𑂳𑂠𑂴𑂠𑂵𑂠𑂶𑂠𑂷𑂠𑂸𑂠𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂠

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂠 (da) gives the ligature rda:

Comparison of Da

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Da, are related as well.

Comparison of Da in different scripts
Aramaic
Da
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨡		Ashoka Brahmi
Da		Kushana Brahmi[lower-alpha 1]
Da		Tocharian[lower-alpha 2]
Da
Gupta Brahmi
Da		Pallava
Da
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰟		Siddhaṃ
Da		Grantha
𑌦		Cham
ꨕ
Sinhala
ද		Pyu /
Old Mon[lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
Da		Newa
𑐡		Ahom
𑜓		Malayalam
ദ
Telugu
ద		Burmese
ဒ
Lepcha
ᰌ		Ranjana
Da		Saurashtra
ꢣ		Dives Akuru
𑤝
Kannada
ದ		Kayah Li
ꤘ
Limbu
ᤍ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 4]
𑩭		Khmer
ទ		Tamil
-
Chakma
𑄘		Tai Tham
ᨴ
Meitei Mayek
ꯗ		Gaudi
-		Thai
ท		Lao
ທ
Tai Le
-
Marchen
𑱼		Tirhuta
𑒠		New Tai Lue
ᦑ		Tai Viet
ꪒ / ꪓ		Aksara Kawi
Da
'Phags-pa
ꡊ		Odia
ଦ		Sharada
𑆢		Rejang
ꤴ		Batak
ᯑ		Buginese
ᨉ
Zanabazar Square
𑨛		Bengali-Assamese
Da		Takri
𑚛		Javanese
ꦢ		Balinese
ᬤ		Makasar
𑻧
Hangul[lower-alpha 5]
ㄷ		Northern Nagari
-		Dogri
𑠛		Laṇḍā
-		Sundanese
ᮓ		Baybayin
ᜇ
Modi
𑘟		Gujarati
દ		Khojki
𑈛		Khudabadi
𑋏		Mahajani
𑅥		Tagbanwa
ᝧ
Devanagari
Da		Nandinagari
𑦿		Kaithi
Da		Gurmukhi
ਦ		Multani
𑊘		Buhid
ᝇ
Canadian Syllabics[lower-alpha 6]
-		Soyombo[lower-alpha 7]
𑩭		Sylheti Nagari
ꠖ		Gunjala Gondi
𑵸		Masaram Gondi[lower-alpha 8]
𑴝		Hanuno'o
ᜧ
Notes
  1. ↑ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ↑ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ↑ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ↑ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ↑ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ↑ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ↑ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ↑ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Da

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Da in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Da from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Previewదଦದദદਦ
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER DA BENGALI LETTER DA TELUGU LETTER DA ORIYA LETTER DA KANNADA LETTER DA MALAYALAM LETTER DA GUJARATI LETTER DA GURMUKHI LETTER DA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode2342U+09262470U+09A63110U+0C262854U+0B263238U+0CA63366U+0D262726U+0AA62598U+0A26
UTF-8224 164 166E0 A4 A6224 166 166E0 A6 A6224 176 166E0 B0 A6224 172 166E0 AC A6224 178 166E0 B2 A6224 180 166E0 B4 A6224 170 166E0 AA A6224 168 166E0 A8 A6
Numeric character referenceददদদదదଦଦದದദദદદਦਦ
ISCII196C4196C4196C4196C4196C4196C4196C4196C4


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨡𑌦
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER DA KHAROSHTHI LETTER DA SIDDHAM LETTER DA GRANTHA LETTER DA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode69668U+1102468129U+10A2171071U+1159F70438U+11326
UTF-8240 145 128 164F0 91 80 A4240 144 168 161F0 90 A8 A1240 145 150 159F0 91 96 9F240 145 140 166F0 91 8C A6
UTF-1655300 56356D804 DC2455298 56865D802 DE2155301 56735D805 DD9F55300 57126D804 DF26
Numeric character reference𑀤𑀤𐨡𐨡𑖟𑖟𑌦𑌦


Character information
Previewྡꡊ𑨛𑐡𑰟𑆢
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER DA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER DA PHAGS-PA LETTER DA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DA NEWA LETTER DA BHAIKSUKI LETTER DA SHARADA LETTER DA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3921U+0F514001U+0FA143082U+A84A72219U+11A1B70689U+1142172735U+11C1F70050U+111A2
UTF-8224 189 145E0 BD 91224 190 161E0 BE A1234 161 138EA A1 8A240 145 168 155F0 91 A8 9B240 145 144 161F0 91 90 A1240 145 176 159F0 91 B0 9F240 145 134 162F0 91 86 A2
UTF-1639210F5140010FA143082A84A55302 56859D806 DE1B55301 56353D805 DC2155303 56351D807 DC1F55300 56738D804 DDA2
Numeric character referenceདདྡྡꡊꡊ𑨛𑨛𑐡𑐡𑰟𑰟𑆢𑆢


Character information
Previewဒᨴᦑ
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER DA TAI THAM LETTER LOW TA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW TA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode4114U+10126708U+1A346545U+1991
UTF-8225 128 146E1 80 92225 168 180E1 A8 B4225 166 145E1 A6 91
Numeric character referenceဒဒᨴᨴᦑᦑ


Character information
Previewទທทꪒꪓ
Unicode name KHMER LETTER TO LAO LETTER THO TAM THAI CHARACTER THO THAHAN TAI VIET LETTER LOW DO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH DO
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6033U+17913735U+0E973607U+0E1743666U+AA9243667U+AA93
UTF-8225 158 145E1 9E 91224 186 151E0 BA 97224 184 151E0 B8 97234 170 146EA AA 92234 170 147EA AA 93
Numeric character referenceទទທທททꪒꪒꪓꪓ


Character information
Previewදꤘ𑄘𑜓𑤝ꢣꨕ
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER ALPAPRAANA DAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER DA CHAKMA LETTER DAA AHOM LETTER DA DIVES AKURU LETTER DA SAURASHTRA LETTER DA CHAM LETTER DA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3503U+0DAF43288U+A91869912U+1111871443U+1171371965U+1191D43171U+A8A343541U+AA15
UTF-8224 182 175E0 B6 AF234 164 152EA A4 98240 145 132 152F0 91 84 98240 145 156 147F0 91 9C 93240 145 164 157F0 91 A4 9D234 162 163EA A2 A3234 168 149EA A8 95
UTF-1635030DAF43288A91855300 56600D804 DD1855301 57107D805 DF1355302 56605D806 DD1D43171A8A343541AA15
Numeric character referenceදදꤘꤘ𑄘𑄘𑜓𑜓𑤝𑤝ꢣꢣꨕꨕ


Character information
Preview𑘟𑦿𑩭ꠖ𑵸
Unicode name MODI LETTER DA NANDINAGARI LETTER DA SOYOMBO LETTER DA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER DO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER DA KAITHI LETTER DA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71199U+1161F72127U+119BF72301U+11A6D43030U+A81673080U+11D7869792U+110A0
UTF-8240 145 152 159F0 91 98 9F240 145 166 191F0 91 A6 BF240 145 169 173F0 91 A9 AD234 160 150EA A0 96240 145 181 184F0 91 B5 B8240 145 130 160F0 91 82 A0
UTF-1655301 56863D805 DE1F55302 56767D806 DDBF55302 56941D806 DE6D43030A81655303 56696D807 DD7855300 56480D804 DCA0
Numeric character reference𑘟𑘟𑦿𑦿𑩭𑩭ꠖꠖ𑵸𑵸𑂠𑂠


Character information
Preview𑒠ᰌᤍꯗ𑱼
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER DA LEPCHA LETTER DA LIMBU LETTER DA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER DIL MARCHEN LETTER DA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode70816U+114A07180U+1C0C6413U+190D43991U+ABD772828U+11C7C
UTF-8240 145 146 160F0 91 92 A0225 176 140E1 B0 8C225 164 141E1 A4 8D234 175 151EA AF 97240 145 177 188F0 91 B1 BC
UTF-1655301 56480D805 DCA071801C0C6413190D43991ABD755303 56444D807 DC7C
Numeric character reference𑒠𑒠ᰌᰌᤍᤍꯗꯗ𑱼𑱼


Character information
Preview𑚛𑠛𑈛𑋏𑅥𑊘
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER DA DOGRA LETTER DA KHOJKI LETTER DA KHUDAWADI LETTER DA MAHAJANI LETTER DA MULTANI LETTER DA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71323U+1169B71707U+1181B70171U+1121B70351U+112CF69989U+1116570296U+11298
UTF-8240 145 154 155F0 91 9A 9B240 145 160 155F0 91 A0 9B240 145 136 155F0 91 88 9B240 145 139 143F0 91 8B 8F240 145 133 165F0 91 85 A5240 145 138 152F0 91 8A 98
UTF-1655301 56987D805 DE9B55302 56347D806 DC1B55300 56859D804 DE1B55300 57039D804 DECF55300 56677D804 DD6555300 56984D804 DE98
Numeric character reference𑚛𑚛𑠛𑠛𑈛𑈛𑋏𑋏𑅥𑅥𑊘𑊘


Character information
Previewᬤᯑᨉꦢ𑻧ꤴᮓ
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER DA BATAK LETTER DA BUGINESE LETTER DA JAVANESE LETTER DA MAKASAR LETTER DA REJANG LETTER DA SUNDANESE LETTER DA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6948U+1B247121U+1BD16665U+1A0943426U+A9A273447U+11EE743316U+A9347059U+1B93
UTF-8225 172 164E1 AC A4225 175 145E1 AF 91225 168 137E1 A8 89234 166 162EA A6 A2240 145 187 167F0 91 BB A7234 164 180EA A4 B4225 174 147E1 AE 93
UTF-1669481B2471211BD166651A0943426A9A255303 57063D807 DEE743316A93470591B93
Numeric character referenceᬤᬤᯑᯑᨉᨉꦢꦢ𑻧𑻧ꤴꤴᮓᮓ


Character information
Previewᜇᝧᝇᜧ𑴝
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER DA TAGBANWA LETTER DA BUHID LETTER DA HANUNOO LETTER DA MASARAM GONDI LETTER DA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode5895U+17075991U+17675959U+17475927U+172772989U+11D1D
UTF-8225 156 135E1 9C 87225 157 167E1 9D A7225 157 135E1 9D 87225 156 167E1 9C A7240 145 180 157F0 91 B4 9D
UTF-165895170759911767595917475927172755303 56605D807 DD1D
Numeric character referenceᜇᜇᝧᝧᝇᝇᜧᜧ𑴝𑴝


References

  1. ↑ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. 1 2 Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
  4. ↑ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ↑ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
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