râper
See also: raper
French
Etymology
Inherited from Middle French râper, rasper, from Old French rasper, from Early Medieval Latin raspāre (“to scrape; rake”), from Frankish *hraspōn, from Proto-Germanic *hraspōną, a derivative of Proto-Germanic *hrespaną (“to tear”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krebʰ- (“to turn; bend; shrink”).
Romance cognates include Occitan, Catalan, Spanish, and Portuguese raspar and Italian raspare. Related to Old High German raspōn (“to rake, gather”), Old English ġehrespan (“to plunder”).
Pronunciation
Conjugation
Conjugation of râper (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | râper | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | râpant /ʁa.pɑ̃/ or /ʁɑ.pɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | râpé /ʁa.pe/ or /ʁɑ.pe/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | râpe /ʁap/ or /ʁɑp/ |
râpes /ʁap/ or /ʁɑp/ |
râpe /ʁap/ or /ʁɑp/ |
râpons /ʁa.pɔ̃/ or /ʁɑ.pɔ̃/ |
râpez /ʁa.pe/ or /ʁɑ.pe/ |
râpent /ʁap/ or /ʁɑp/ |
| imperfect | râpais /ʁa.pɛ/ or /ʁɑ.pɛ/ |
râpais /ʁa.pɛ/ or /ʁɑ.pɛ/ |
râpait /ʁa.pɛ/ or /ʁɑ.pɛ/ |
râpions /ʁa.pjɔ̃/ or /ʁɑ.pjɔ̃/ |
râpiez /ʁa.pje/ or /ʁɑ.pje/ |
râpaient /ʁa.pɛ/ or /ʁɑ.pɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | râpai /ʁa.pe/ or /ʁɑ.pe/ |
râpas /ʁa.pa/ or /ʁɑ.pa/ |
râpa /ʁa.pa/ or /ʁɑ.pa/ |
râpâmes /ʁa.pam/ or /ʁɑ.pam/ |
râpâtes /ʁa.pat/ or /ʁɑ.pat/ |
râpèrent /ʁa.pɛʁ/ or /ʁɑ.pɛʁ/ | |
| future | râperai /ʁa.pʁe/ or /ʁɑ.pʁe/ |
râperas /ʁa.pʁa/ or /ʁɑ.pʁa/ |
râpera /ʁa.pʁa/ or /ʁɑ.pʁa/ |
râperons /ʁa.pʁɔ̃/ or /ʁɑ.pʁɔ̃/ |
râperez /ʁa.pʁe/ or /ʁɑ.pʁe/ |
râperont /ʁa.pʁɔ̃/ or /ʁɑ.pʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | râperais /ʁa.pʁɛ/ or /ʁɑ.pʁɛ/ |
râperais /ʁa.pʁɛ/ or /ʁɑ.pʁɛ/ |
râperait /ʁa.pʁɛ/ or /ʁɑ.pʁɛ/ |
râperions /ʁa.pə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /ʁɑ.pə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
râperiez /ʁa.pə.ʁje/ or /ʁɑ.pə.ʁje/ |
râperaient /ʁa.pʁɛ/ or /ʁɑ.pʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | râpe /ʁap/ or /ʁɑp/ |
râpes /ʁap/ or /ʁɑp/ |
râpe /ʁap/ or /ʁɑp/ |
râpions /ʁa.pjɔ̃/ or /ʁɑ.pjɔ̃/ |
râpiez /ʁa.pje/ or /ʁɑ.pje/ |
râpent /ʁap/ or /ʁɑp/ |
| imperfect2 | râpasse /ʁa.pas/ or /ʁɑ.pas/ |
râpasses /ʁa.pas/ or /ʁɑ.pas/ |
râpât /ʁa.pa/ or /ʁɑ.pa/ |
râpassions /ʁa.pa.sjɔ̃/ or /ʁɑ.pa.sjɔ̃/ |
râpassiez /ʁa.pa.sje/ or /ʁɑ.pa.sje/ |
râpassent /ʁa.pas/ or /ʁɑ.pas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | râpe /ʁap/ or /ʁɑp/ |
— | râpons /ʁa.pɔ̃/ or /ʁɑ.pɔ̃/ |
râpez /ʁa.pe/ or /ʁɑ.pe/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “râper”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams
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