ponad

See also: ponad-

Masurian

Alternative forms
  • ponade

Etymology

Univerbation of po +‎ nad. Compare Polish ponad.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ˈpɔnat]
  • Syllabification: po‧nad

Preposition

ponad

  1. denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
  2. denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state [+accusative]
  3. denotes number larger than another; more than, over [+accusative]

Further reading
  • Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024) “ponad”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur‎, volume 6, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 227-228

Polish

Alternative forms
  • ponade (before certain pronouns)

Etymology

Univerbation of po +‎ nad.[1] Compare Kashubian pònad, Masurian ponad, and Ukrainian по́над (pónad). First attested in 1749.[2]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈpɔ.nat/
  • (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ˈpɔ.nat/
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɔnat
  • Syllabification: po‧nad
  • Homophone: ponad-

Preposition

ponad

  1. denotes location; above, over [+instrumental]
    Synonyms: powyżej, nad
    Coordinate terms: pod, popod
    Latem słońce świeci wysoko ponad górami. ― In summer, the sun shines high above the mountains.
  2. denotes motion; to above, to over [+accusative]
    Synonyms: powyżej, nad
    Coordinate terms: pod, popod
  3. denotes highest degree of intensity of an action or state [+accusative]
    Synonym: nad
    Kocham to ponad życie. ― I love it to death/more than life itself/more than anything in the world.
  4. above, beyond [+accusative]
    Zadanie to jest ponad moje umiejętności. ― This task is beyond my capabilities.
    Ona przedkłada swoją karierę ponad wszystko. ― She puts her career above all else.

Derived terms
particles

Particle

ponad

  1. over, more than
    Synonym: przeszło
    Pracuję tu ponad dwie dekady. ― I have worked here for over two decades.

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), ponad (particle) is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 12 times in scientific texts, 87 times in news, 38 times in essays, 3 times in fiction, and 1 time in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 141 times, making it the 426th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[3]

References
  1. Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “ponad”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
  2. Paweł Kupiszewski (16.05.2019) “PONAD”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
  3. Ida Kurcz (1990) “ponad (particle)”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎ (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 402

Further reading
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