kirkua
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *kirkudak, possibly borrowed by metathesis from Proto-Germanic *skrīkijaną, if not onomatopoeic.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkirkuɑˣ/, [ˈk̟irkuɑ̝(ʔ)]
- Rhymes: -irkuɑ
- Syllabification(key): kir‧ku‧a
Conjugation
The weak forms with kiru- are entirely regular, but not commonly used.
| Inflection of kirkua (Kotus type 52*D/sanoa, k-∅ gradation) | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present tense | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | kirun | en kiru | 1st sing. | olen kirkunut | en ole kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | kirut | et kiru | 2nd sing. | olet kirkunut | et ole kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | kirkuu | ei kiru | 3rd sing. | on kirkunut | ei ole kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | kirumme | emme kiru | 1st plur. | olemme kirkuneet | emme ole kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | kirutte | ette kiru | 2nd plur. | olette kirkuneet | ette ole kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | kirkuvat | eivät kiru | 3rd plur. | ovat kirkuneet | eivät ole kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | kirutaan | ei kiruta | passive | on kiruttu | ei ole kiruttu | ||||||||||||||||
| past tense | pluperfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | kiruin | en kirkunut | 1st sing. | olin kirkunut | en ollut kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | kiruit | et kirkunut | 2nd sing. | olit kirkunut | et ollut kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | kirkui | ei kirkunut | 3rd sing. | oli kirkunut | ei ollut kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | kiruimme | emme kirkuneet | 1st plur. | olimme kirkuneet | emme olleet kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | kiruitte | ette kirkuneet | 2nd plur. | olitte kirkuneet | ette olleet kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | kirkuivat | eivät kirkuneet | 3rd plur. | olivat kirkuneet | eivät olleet kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | kiruttiin | ei kiruttu | passive | oli kiruttu | ei ollut kiruttu | ||||||||||||||||
| conditional mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | kirkuisin | en kirkuisi | 1st sing. | olisin kirkunut | en olisi kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | kirkuisit | et kirkuisi | 2nd sing. | olisit kirkunut | et olisi kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | kirkuisi | ei kirkuisi | 3rd sing. | olisi kirkunut | ei olisi kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | kirkuisimme | emme kirkuisi | 1st plur. | olisimme kirkuneet | emme olisi kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | kirkuisitte | ette kirkuisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte kirkuneet | ette olisi kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | kirkuisivat | eivät kirkuisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat kirkuneet | eivät olisi kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | kiruttaisiin | ei kiruttaisi | passive | olisi kiruttu | ei olisi kiruttu | ||||||||||||||||
| imperative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | kiru | älä kiru | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | kirkukoon | älköön kirkuko | 3rd sing. | olkoon kirkunut | älköön olko kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | kirkukaamme | älkäämme kirkuko | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | kirkukaa | älkää kirkuko | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | kirkukoot | älkööt kirkuko | 3rd plur. | olkoot kirkuneet | älkööt olko kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | kiruttakoon | älköön kiruttako | passive | olkoon kiruttu | älköön olko kiruttu | ||||||||||||||||
| potential mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
| present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st sing. | kirkunen | en kirkune | 1st sing. | lienen kirkunut | en liene kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd sing. | kirkunet | et kirkune | 2nd sing. | lienet kirkunut | et liene kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd sing. | kirkunee | ei kirkune | 3rd sing. | lienee kirkunut | ei liene kirkunut | ||||||||||||||||
| 1st plur. | kirkunemme | emme kirkune | 1st plur. | lienemme kirkuneet | emme liene kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 2nd plur. | kirkunette | ette kirkune | 2nd plur. | lienette kirkuneet | ette liene kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| 3rd plur. | kirkunevat | eivät kirkune | 3rd plur. | lienevät kirkuneet | eivät liene kirkuneet | ||||||||||||||||
| passive | kiruttaneen | ei kiruttane | passive | lienee kiruttu | ei liene kiruttu | ||||||||||||||||
| Nominal forms | |||||||||||||||||||||
| infinitives | participles | ||||||||||||||||||||
| active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1st | kirkua | present | kirkuva | kiruttava | |||||||||||||||||
| long 1st1 |
|
past | kirkunut | kiruttu | |||||||||||||||||
| 2nd | inessive2 | kirkuessa | kiruttaessa | agent3 | kirkuma | ||||||||||||||||
|
negative | kirkumaton | |||||||||||||||||||
| instructive | kirkuen | — | 1) Used only with a possessive suffix. 2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). | ||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd | inessive | kirkumassa | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| elative | kirkumasta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| illative | kirkumaan | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| adessive | kirkumalla | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| abessive | kirkumatta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| instructive | kirkuman | kiruttaman | |||||||||||||||||||
| 4th4 | verbal noun | kirkuminen | |||||||||||||||||||
| 5th1 |
| ||||||||||||||||||||
Further reading
- “kirkua”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
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