jmn

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Compare Arabic ء م ن (ʔ m n) and Hebrew א־מ־ן (ʾ-m-n).

Pronunciation

(proper noun): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /jaˈmaːnuw/ → /jaˈmaːnuw/ → /ʔaˈmaːnə/ → /ʔaˈmoːn/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /imɛn/
- Conventional anglicization: amen

Verb

3-lit.

(transitive) to hide, to conceal
(intransitive or reflexive) to hide, to be(come) hidden or secret
(intransitive, by extension) to be(come) rare or precious [Greco-Roman Period]
(transitive) to create, form, shape (in a cosmic, divine sense)

Inflection

Conjugation of jmn (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jmn, geminated stem: jmnn

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
jmn	jmnw, jmn	jmnt	jmn	jmn

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
jmn	ḥr jmn	m jmn	r jmn

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jmn.n	jmnw, jmn	consecutive	jmn.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	jmn.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	jmnt
perfective³	jmn	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	jmn.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	jmn	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	jmn.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	jmn	jmnn	potentialis¹	jmn.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	jmn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	jmn	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jmn.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	jmn	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jmn	jmn, jmnw⁵, jmny⁵
imperfective	jmn, jmny, jmnw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	jmn, jmnj⁶, jmny⁶	jmn, jmnw⁵
prospective	jmn, jmntj⁷	—	jmntj⁴, jmnt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jmn

jmn

Derived terms

jmnyt (“the daily offerings to the gods”)
jmn ꜥ (“priestess of Bast”)
jmnw (“a bringer of disease”)
jmnw (“secret (noun)”)
jmn-m-ḥꜣt
jmn-rn.f
jmnt (“hiding place”)
jmnt (“secret (noun)”)

Adjective

perfective active participle of jmn: hidden, precious

Inflection

Declension of jmn (perfective active participle)

	masculine	feminine
singular	jmn	jmnt
dual	jmnwj	jmntj
plural	jmnw	jmnwt¹, jmnt²
Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun. From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Proper noun

Relief carving, Medinet Habu, c. 1150 BC

m

Amun, a primeval god, personification of the hiddenness of the primeval waters, worshipped at Hermopolis as a member of the Ogdoad
Amun, a god worshipped at Thebes as a member of the Theban Triad. From the Middle Kingdom, the king of the gods.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jmn

jmn

jmnw

jmn

Derived terms

jmn m jpt (“Amun of Luxor”)
jmn m jpt-swt (“Amun of Karnak”)
jmn-ms
jmn nb nswt tꜣwj (“Amun, Lord of the King of Egypt”)
jmn-rꜥ (“Amun-Ra”)
jmn-rꜥ nswt nṯrw (“Amun-Ra, King of the gods”)
jmn-rn (“a minor deity”)
jmn-ḥtp (“Amenhotep, deified scribe and architect”)
jmnt (“Amunet”)
ꜥnḫ.s-n-jmn
mry-jmn
mryt-jmn
rwḏ-jmn
zꜣ-jmn
sḫm-ꜥnḫ-jmn
tꜣnwꜣtj-jmn
tꜣ-nt-jmn
twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn
twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn-ḥqꜣ-jwnw-šmꜥw
ḏḏt-jmn

Descendants

Coptic: ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ (amoun)
- → English: Amun
→ Ancient Greek: Ἄμμων (Ámmōn)
- → Coptic: ⲁⲙⲙⲱⲛ (ammōn)
→ Meroitic: 𐦠𐦨𐦩𐦢 (amni /⁠amani⁠/)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Afroasiatic *yamin-. Cognate with Proto-Semitic *yamīn- (“right”).

Pronunciation

(reconstructed) IPA^(key): /jaˈmiːnij/ → /jaˈmiːnij/ → /ʔaˈmiːnə/ → /ʔaˈmiːn/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /imɛn/
- Conventional anglicization: amen

Adjective

right (direction)
western

Inflection

Declension of jmn (perfective active participle)

	masculine	feminine
singular	jmn	jmnt
dual	jmnwj	jmntj
plural	jmnw	jmnwt¹, jmnt²
Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun. From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Antonyms

Noun

m

the West

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jmn

jmn

Synonyms

jmntt

Derived terms

jmnt (“the West (as a place or as a goddess)”)
jmntj (“westerly wind”)
jmntj (“Western”)
jmntj (“people of the west, the dead”)
jmntt (“the West, western land, graveyard”)
ḫntj-jmntjw (“foremost of the Westerners”)

References

James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 186, 280.
Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 83.4–83.6, 83.12–84.7, 84.15–85.2
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 21

Schenkel, Wolfgang (1990) Einführung in die altägyptische Sprachwissenschaft, page 89

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[1] Schenkel, Wolfgang (1990) Einführung in die altägyptische Sprachwissenschaft, page 89