indulgeo

Latin

Etymology

From in- and an unattested verb *dulgeō, from Proto-Italic *dolɣēō, from Proto-Indo-European *delgʰ- (“to become fixed”); cognate with Welsh dala (“to catch”), Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌻𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (tulgjan, “to reinforce”), and perhaps Sanskrit दृह् (dṛh, “to make firm”).

The initial in- may be, instead of the above, derived from a negated form of an unattested adjectival Proto-Indo-European *n-dlgʰ-ro- (“not hard”), thus giving indulgeō an original meaning of "to not be hard toward" > "to be lenient toward" > "to indulge". This is semantically smoother than if the "in-" were to mean "in".[1]

Possibly related to longus, Ancient Greek ἐνδελεχής (endelekhḗs, “continuous”), thus originally with the meaning of "being persistent, patient".

Pronunciation

Verb

indulgeō (present infinitive indulgēre, perfect active indulsī, supine indultum); second conjugation

  1. (intransitive) to be kind or courteous (to); to be inclined (to); give free rein (to)
  2. (intransitive, transitive) to give oneself up (to); to be addicted (to), indulge (in) (takes a dative object)
  3. (transitive) to concede, allow, grant, permit, bestow
  4. to favor

Conjugation
   Conjugation of indulgeō (second conjugation)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present indulgeō indulgēs indulget indulgēmus indulgētis indulgent
imperfect indulgēbam indulgēbās indulgēbat indulgēbāmus indulgēbātis indulgēbant
future indulgēbō indulgēbis indulgēbit indulgēbimus indulgēbitis indulgēbunt
perfect indulsī indulsistī indulsit indulsimus indulsistis indulsērunt,
indulsēre
pluperfect indulseram indulserās indulserat indulserāmus indulserātis indulserant
future perfect indulserō indulseris indulserit indulserimus indulseritis indulserint
passive present indulgeor indulgēris,
indulgēre		 indulgētur indulgēmur indulgēminī indulgentur
imperfect indulgēbar indulgēbāris,
indulgēbāre		 indulgēbātur indulgēbāmur indulgēbāminī indulgēbantur
future indulgēbor indulgēberis,
indulgēbere		 indulgēbitur indulgēbimur indulgēbiminī indulgēbuntur
perfect indultus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect indultus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect indultus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present indulgeam indulgeās indulgeat indulgeāmus indulgeātis indulgeant
imperfect indulgērem indulgērēs indulgēret indulgērēmus indulgērētis indulgērent
perfect indulserim indulserīs indulserit indulserīmus indulserītis indulserint
pluperfect indulsissem indulsissēs indulsisset indulsissēmus indulsissētis indulsissent
passive present indulgear indulgeāris,
indulgeāre		 indulgeātur indulgeāmur indulgeāminī indulgeantur
imperfect indulgērer indulgērēris,
indulgērēre		 indulgērētur indulgērēmur indulgērēminī indulgērentur
perfect indultus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect indultus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — indulgē — — indulgēte —
future — indulgētō indulgētō — indulgētōte indulgentō
passive present — indulgēre — — indulgēminī —
future — indulgētor indulgētor — — indulgentor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives indulgēre indulsisse indultūrum esse indulgērī indultum esse indultum īrī
participles indulgēns — indultūrus — indultus indulgendus
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
indulgendī indulgendō indulgendum indulgendō indultum indultū

Derived terms

Descendants
  • → Albanian: ndëjej
  • → English: indulge
  • Italian: indulgere

References
  • “indulgeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “indulgeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • indulgeo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
    • to indulge oneself: animo or simply sibi indulgere
    • to give way to grief: dolori indulgere
    • to be indulgent to a person's faults: indulgere vitiis alicuius
    • to give free play to one's anger: irae indulgere (Liv. 23. 3)
    • to indulge one's caprice: sibi or ingenio suo indulgere (Nep. Chabr. 3)
    • to be given to drink: vino deditum esse, indulgere
  • indulgeo in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016
  • Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 96
  1. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 302
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