gwrthryfela
Welsh
Etymology
From gwrthryfel + -a.
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˌɡʊrθrəˈvɛla/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˌɡʊrθrəˈveːla/, /ˌɡʊrθrəˈvɛla/
- Rhymes: -ɛla
Verb
gwrthryfela (first-person singular present gwrthryfelaf)
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | gwrthryfelaf | gwrthryfeli | gwrthryfela | gwrthryfelwn | gwrthryfelwch | gwrthryfelant | gwrthryfelir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
gwrthryfelwn | gwrthryfelit | gwrthryfelai | gwrthryfelem | gwrthryfelech | gwrthryfelent | gwrthryfelid | |
| preterite | gwrthryfelais | gwrthryfelaist | gwrthryfelodd | gwrthryfelasom | gwrthryfelasoch | gwrthryfelasant | gwrthryfelwyd | |
| pluperfect | gwrthryfelaswn | gwrthryfelasit | gwrthryfelasai | gwrthryfelasem | gwrthryfelasech | gwrthryfelasent | gwrthryfelasid, gwrthryfelesid | |
| present subjunctive | gwrthryfelwyf | gwrthryfelych | gwrthryfelo | gwrthryfelom | gwrthryfeloch | gwrthryfelont | gwrthryfeler | |
| imperative | — | gwrthryfela | gwrthryfeled | gwrthryfelwn | gwrthryfelwch | gwrthryfelent | gwrthryfeler | |
| verbal noun | gwrthryfela | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | gwrthryfeledig gwrthryfeladwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | gwrthryfela i, gwrthryfelaf i | gwrthryfeli di | gwrthryfelith o/e/hi, gwrthryfeliff e/hi | gwrthryfelwn ni | gwrthryfelwch chi | gwrthryfelan nhw |
| conditional | gwrthryfelwn i, gwrthryfelswn i | gwrthryfelet ti, gwrthryfelset ti | gwrthryfelai fo/fe/hi, gwrthryfelsai fo/fe/hi | gwrthryfelen ni, gwrthryfelsen ni | gwrthryfelech chi, gwrthryfelsech chi | gwrthryfelen nhw, gwrthryfelsen nhw |
| preterite | gwrthryfelais i, gwrthryfeles i | gwrthryfelaist ti, gwrthryfelest ti | gwrthryfelodd o/e/hi | gwrthryfelon ni | gwrthryfeloch chi | gwrthryfelon nhw |
| imperative | — | gwrthryfela | — | — | gwrthryfelwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
- gwrthryfelwr (“rebel, mutineer”)
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| gwrthryfela | wrthryfela | ngwrthryfela | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gwrthryfela”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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