focul

Old Irish

Alternative forms
  • foccul

Etymology

Once thought to be a loanword from Latin vocābulum (“appellation, designation”), but more likely a native word from Proto-Celtic *woxtlom (compare Welsh gwaethl (“argument”)), from Proto-Indo-European *wokʷtlom (compare Sanskrit वक्त्र (vaktrá, “mouth”)), from *wekʷ- (“to speak”).[1] The older theory was defended in the print edition of Matasović’s dictionary,[2] but the online Addenda et Corrigenda reflect the newer theory.[3]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈfokul/

Noun

focul n or m

  1. word

Inflection
Neuter o-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative foculN foculN foculL, focula
Vocative foculN foculN foculL, focula
Accusative foculN foculN foculL, focula
Genitive focuilL focul foculN
Dative foculL foculaib foculaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Descendants
  • Irish: focal
  • Manx: fockle
  • Scottish Gaelic: facal

Mutation
Old Irish mutation
RadicalLenitionNasalization
focul ḟocul focul
pronounced with /v(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  1. Stüber, Karin (1998) The Historical Morphology of n-Stems in Celtic, Maynooth: Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland, →ISBN, page 70.
  2. Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 429
  3. Matasović, Ranko (2011 December) “Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009)”, in Homepage of Ranko Matasović‎, Zagreb, page 43

Romanian

Noun

focul

  1. definite nominative/accusative singular of foc
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