Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wekʷ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*wekʷ- (imperfective)[1][2]

to speak, to sound out

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wekʷ-‎ (31 c, 0 e)

*wékʷ-ti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wákti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wákti
    - Sanskrit: वक्ति (vákti)
  - Proto-Iranian: *wáxti
    - ⇒ Northern Kurdish: bang (“call”)
    - ⇒ Northern Kurdish: deng (“voice”)
    - ⇒ Northern Kurdish: gotin (“to say”), -bêj-
*wókʷ-e-ti (o-grade root thematic present)
- Proto-Germanic: *gawahwaną (“to mention”) (see there for further descendants)
*wókʷ-ye-ti (o-grade root ye-present)
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: գոչեմ (gočʻem, “to cry out”)
*wí-wekʷ-ti ~ *wí-wk-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wíwakti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíwakti
    - Vedic Sanskrit: विवक्ति (vívakti)
*we-wókʷ-e ~ *we-wkʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawā́ča (see there for further descendants)
*wé-wk-e-t (reduplicated thematic aorist)[3]
*wṓkʷ-s
*wékʷ-os ~ *wékʷ-es-os
- Proto-Celtic: *wekʷos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *wékʷos
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπος (épos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáčas (see there for further descendants)
*wékʷ-ti-s ~ *ukʷ-téy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktíš (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wektís
  - Proto-Slavic: *veťь (“thing”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *wihtiz (“being”) (see there for further descendants)
*wokʷ-tló-m
- Proto-Celtic: *woxtlom (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *waktrám
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *waktrám
    - Sanskrit: वक्त्र (vaktrá, “mouth”)
*wókʷ-to-s
- Proto-Germanic: *wahtaz
  - Old Norse: váttr (“witness”)
    - Faroese: váttur
*wokʷ-smn̥
- Proto-Celtic: *woxsman
  - Middle Irish: fúaimm
    - Irish: fuaim
    - Scottish Gaelic: fuaim
*wokʷ-yeh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *woťťa
  - Ancient Greek: ὄσσα (óssa), ὄττα (ótta)
*ukʷ-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktás (see there for further descendants)
*h₁weru-wokʷ-, *h₁uru-wkʷ- (“far-sounding”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *ewrúwokʷā
  - Ancient Greek: εὐρύοπα (eurúopa)
- Indo-Iranian:
  - Vedic Sanskrit: उरूची (urūcī́)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian:
- Albanian: ves
Proto-Anatolian:
- Hittite: [script needed] (huek-), [script needed] (huk-, “to conjure, swear”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Old Prussian: enwackē (“they call”)

References

De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

Friedrich Kluge (1989) “erwähnen”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
Pokorny, Julius (1959) “u̯ekʷ-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1135

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[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[Ringe_2006-3] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN