calidus

• caldus

From caleō +‎ -idus.

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈka.li.dus/, [ˈkälʲɪd̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈka.li.dus/, [ˈkäːlid̪us]

calidus (feminine calida, neuter calidum, comparative calidior, superlative calidissimus); first/second-declension adjective

1. (literary) warm, hot

   Synonyms: (informal) caldus, (archaic) formus

   Antonym: frigidus

2. fiery, fierce, vehement
3. spirited, impassioned
4. rash, eager, inconsiderate
5. (rare) having a white spot on the forehead

• In the sense "hot water", the syncopated form calda is particularly common. Emperor Augustus "corrects [his grandson Gaius Caesar] for saying calidam rather than caldam, not because it's not Latin, but because it's annoying and, as he himself puts it in Greek, περίεργον (períergon, “affected, overdone”)".[1]
• The form with -i- is completely absent from the surviving fragments of Petronius' Satyricon as inappropriate for representing informal speech, at least in the literal meaning.[2]

First/second-declension adjective.

• frīgidus, frī̆gdus

(Nearly all Romance descendants via the early syncopic form caldus.)

• Balkan Romance:
  • Aromanian: caldu, cald
  • Istro-Romanian: cåd, cǫd
  • Megleno-Romanian: cald
  • Romanian: cald
• Dalmatian:
  • cuolt
• Italo-Romance:
  • Corsican: caldu
  • Italian: caldo
  • Sicilian: càvuru
• North Italian:
  • Friulian: cjalt
  • Ligurian: câdo
  • Lombard: cald
  • Piedmontese: càud
  • Romansch: chaud
  • Venetian: calt, caldo
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Catalan: cald
  • Franco-Provençal: chôd
  • Old French: chaut (see there for further descendants)
  • Occitan: caud, cald; chaud
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Asturian: caldu
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: caldo
    • Galician: caldo
    • Portuguese: caldo
      • → Indonesian: kaldu
  • Spanish: caldo
• Insular Romance:
  • Sardinian: caldu, calidu
• ⇒ Vulgar Latin: (see there for further descendants)
  • *calidizāre
  • *caldūra
  • *incalidīre
• Borrowings:
  • → Asturian: cálidu
  • → Italian: calido
  • → Portuguese: cálido
  • → Spanish: cálido

• “calidus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “calidus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• calidus in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• calidus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.