brayer
English
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈbɹeɪɚ/
- Rhymes: -eɪə(ɹ)
Noun
brayer (plural brayers)
- (printing) A hand printing tool, in the US often a roller, used to spread a thin even layer of ink. Early brayers, consisting of a vertical cylinder with a single handle, were designed to break up thick inks before spreading.
- One who brays, or makes the sound of a donkey.
- 1728, [Alexander Pope], “Book the First”, in The Dunciad. An Heroic Poem. […], Dublin, London: […] A. Dodd, →OCLC, page 2:
- Sound forth my Brayers, and the welkin rend
French
Etymology
Inherited from Old French, from Old Norse bræða (“melt; make oil, tar, pitch”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bʁɛ.je/, /bʁe.je/
Audio (file)
Conjugation
This is a regular -er verb as far as pronunciation is concerned, but as with other verbs in -ayer (such as payer and essayer, the <y> of its stem may optionally be written as <i> when it precedes a silent <e> (compare verbs in -eyer, which never have this spelling change, and verbs in -oyer and -uyer, which always have it; verbs in -ayer belong to either group, according to the writer's preference).
Conjugation of brayer (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | brayer | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | brayant /bʁɛ.jɑ̃/ or /bʁe.jɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | brayé /bʁɛ.je/ or /bʁe.je/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | braye or braie /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
brayes or braies /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
braye or braie /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
brayons /bʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /bʁe.jɔ̃/ |
brayez /bʁɛ.je/ or /bʁe.je/ |
brayent or braient /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
| imperfect | brayais /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ |
brayais /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ |
brayait /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ |
brayions /bʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
brayiez /bʁɛj.je/ |
brayaient /bʁɛ.jɛ/ or /bʁe.jɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | brayai /bʁɛ.je/ or /bʁe.je/ |
brayas /bʁɛ.ja/ or /bʁe.ja/ |
braya /bʁɛ.ja/ or /bʁe.ja/ |
brayâmes /bʁɛ.jam/ or /bʁe.jam/ |
brayâtes /bʁɛ.jat/ or /bʁe.jat/ |
brayèrent /bʁɛ.jɛʁ/ or /bʁe.jɛʁ/ | |
| future | brayerai or braierai /bʁɛj.ʁe/ or /bʁɛ.ʁe/ or /bʁe.ʁe/ |
brayeras or braieras /bʁɛj.ʁa/ or /bʁɛ.ʁa/ or /bʁe.ʁa/ |
brayera or braiera /bʁɛj.ʁa/ or /bʁɛ.ʁa/ or /bʁe.ʁa/ |
brayerons or braierons /bʁɛj.ʁɔ̃/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /bʁe.ʁɔ̃/ |
brayerez or braierez /bʁɛj.ʁe/ or /bʁɛ.ʁe/ or /bʁe.ʁe/ |
brayeront or braieront /bʁɛj.ʁɔ̃/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɔ̃/ or /bʁe.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | brayerais or braierais /bʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /bʁe.ʁɛ/ |
brayerais or braierais /bʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /bʁe.ʁɛ/ |
brayerait or braierait /bʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /bʁe.ʁɛ/ |
brayerions or braierions /bʁɛ.jə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /bʁe.jə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /bʁɛ.ʁjɔ̃/ or /bʁe.ʁjɔ̃/ |
brayeriez or braieriez /bʁɛ.jə.ʁje/ or /bʁe.jə.ʁje/ or /bʁɛ.ʁje/ or /bʁe.ʁje/ |
brayeraient or braieraient /bʁɛj.ʁɛ/ or /bʁɛ.ʁɛ/ or /bʁe.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | braye or braie /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
brayes or braies /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
braye or braie /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
brayions /bʁɛj.jɔ̃/ |
brayiez /bʁɛj.je/ |
brayent or braient /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
| imperfect2 | brayasse /bʁɛ.jas/ or /bʁe.jas/ |
brayasses /bʁɛ.jas/ or /bʁe.jas/ |
brayât /bʁɛ.ja/ or /bʁe.ja/ |
brayassions /bʁɛ.ja.sjɔ̃/ or /bʁe.ja.sjɔ̃/ |
brayassiez /bʁɛ.ja.sje/ or /bʁe.ja.sje/ |
brayassent /bʁɛ.jas/ or /bʁe.jas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | braye or braie /bʁɛj/ or /bʁɛ/ |
— | brayons /bʁɛ.jɔ̃/ or /bʁe.jɔ̃/ |
brayez /bʁɛ.je/ or /bʁe.je/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “brayer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
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