ahtaa
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *aktadak (“to hang up to dry, to fill a grain-drying cabin”), from Proto-Uralic *ëkta- (“to hang up, to set up a trap”). Cognates include Moksha афтомс (aftoms, “to set a trap, to cast a net”). The meaning has been influenced by ahdas, a Baltic loanword.[1] Cognate with ahdata.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈɑhtɑːˣ/, [ˈɑ̝xt̪ɑ̝ː(ʔ)]
- Rhymes: -ɑhtɑː
- Syllabification(key): ah‧taa
Verb
ahtaa (transitive)
- to cram, stuff, fill, pack full
- ahtaa päähänsä ― to cram (information into one's head)
- Yritin ahtaa kirjat reppuun, mutta jouduin kantamaan ne käsin.
- I tried to cram the books into the bag, but I had to carry them in my hands.
- to supercharge (to increase the power of an internal combustion engine by compressing the inlet air)
- to turbocharge (to apply a turbocharger to increase the air pressure in the intake manifold of an engine)
- to fill (a riihi) with grain to dry
- (nautical) to brace
Conjugation
Inflection of ahtaa (Kotus type 56*F/kaivaa, t-d gradation) | |||||||||||||||||||||
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indicative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present tense | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | ahdan | en ahda | 1st sing. | olen ahtanut | en ole ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | ahdat | et ahda | 2nd sing. | olet ahtanut | et ole ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | ahtaa | ei ahda | 3rd sing. | on ahtanut | ei ole ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | ahdamme | emme ahda | 1st plur. | olemme ahtaneet | emme ole ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | ahdatte | ette ahda | 2nd plur. | olette ahtaneet | ette ole ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | ahtavat | eivät ahda | 3rd plur. | ovat ahtaneet | eivät ole ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | ahdetaan | ei ahdeta | passive | on ahdettu | ei ole ahdettu | ||||||||||||||||
past tense | pluperfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | ahdoin | en ahtanut | 1st sing. | olin ahtanut | en ollut ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | ahdoit | et ahtanut | 2nd sing. | olit ahtanut | et ollut ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | ahtoi | ei ahtanut | 3rd sing. | oli ahtanut | ei ollut ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | ahdoimme | emme ahtaneet | 1st plur. | olimme ahtaneet | emme olleet ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | ahdoitte | ette ahtaneet | 2nd plur. | olitte ahtaneet | ette olleet ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | ahtoivat | eivät ahtaneet | 3rd plur. | olivat ahtaneet | eivät olleet ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | ahdettiin | ei ahdettu | passive | oli ahdettu | ei ollut ahdettu | ||||||||||||||||
conditional mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | ahtaisin | en ahtaisi | 1st sing. | olisin ahtanut | en olisi ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | ahtaisit | et ahtaisi | 2nd sing. | olisit ahtanut | et olisi ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | ahtaisi | ei ahtaisi | 3rd sing. | olisi ahtanut | ei olisi ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | ahtaisimme | emme ahtaisi | 1st plur. | olisimme ahtaneet | emme olisi ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | ahtaisitte | ette ahtaisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte ahtaneet | ette olisi ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | ahtaisivat | eivät ahtaisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat ahtaneet | eivät olisi ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | ahdettaisiin | ei ahdettaisi | passive | olisi ahdettu | ei olisi ahdettu | ||||||||||||||||
imperative mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | ahda | älä ahda | 2nd sing. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | ahtakoon | älköön ahtako | 3rd sing. | olkoon ahtanut | älköön olko ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | ahtakaamme | älkäämme ahtako | 1st plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | ahtakaa | älkää ahtako | 2nd plur. | — | — | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | ahtakoot | älkööt ahtako | 3rd plur. | olkoot ahtaneet | älkööt olko ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | ahdettakoon | älköön ahdettako | passive | olkoon ahdettu | älköön olko ahdettu | ||||||||||||||||
potential mood | |||||||||||||||||||||
present | perfect | ||||||||||||||||||||
person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | ||||||||||||||||
1st sing. | ahtanen | en ahtane | 1st sing. | lienen ahtanut | en liene ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
2nd sing. | ahtanet | et ahtane | 2nd sing. | lienet ahtanut | et liene ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
3rd sing. | ahtanee | ei ahtane | 3rd sing. | lienee ahtanut | ei liene ahtanut | ||||||||||||||||
1st plur. | ahtanemme | emme ahtane | 1st plur. | lienemme ahtaneet | emme liene ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
2nd plur. | ahtanette | ette ahtane | 2nd plur. | lienette ahtaneet | ette liene ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
3rd plur. | ahtanevat | eivät ahtane | 3rd plur. | lienevät ahtaneet | eivät liene ahtaneet | ||||||||||||||||
passive | ahdettaneen | ei ahdettane | passive | lienee ahdettu | ei liene ahdettu | ||||||||||||||||
Nominal forms | |||||||||||||||||||||
infinitives | participles | ||||||||||||||||||||
active | passive | active | passive | ||||||||||||||||||
1st | ahtaa | present | ahtava | ahdettava | |||||||||||||||||
long 1st1 |
|
past | ahtanut | ahdettu | |||||||||||||||||
2nd | inessive2 | ahtaessa | ahdettaessa | agent3 | ahtama | ||||||||||||||||
|
negative | ahtamaton | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | ahtaen | — | 1) Used only with a possessive suffix. 2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). | ||||||||||||||||||
3rd | inessive | ahtamassa | — | ||||||||||||||||||
elative | ahtamasta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
illative | ahtamaan | — | |||||||||||||||||||
adessive | ahtamalla | — | |||||||||||||||||||
abessive | ahtamatta | — | |||||||||||||||||||
instructive | ahtaman | ahdettaman | |||||||||||||||||||
4th4 | verbal noun | ahtaminen | |||||||||||||||||||
5th1 |
|
Synonyms
References
- Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “ahtaa”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja (in Finnish), retrieved 2024-01-01
Further reading
- “ahtaa”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02
Ingrian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *aktadak. Cognates include Finnish ahtaa and dialectal Estonian ahtada.
Pronunciation
Verb
ahtaa
Conjugation
Conjugation of ahtaa (type 4/antaa, t- gradation) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indikativa | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | ahan | en aha | 1st singular | oon ahtant, oon ahtanut | en oo ahtant, en oo ahtanut |
2nd singular | ahat | et aha | 2nd singular | oot ahtant, oot ahtanut | et oo ahtant, et oo ahtanut |
3rd singular | ahtaa | ei aha | 3rd singular | ono ahtant, ono ahtanut | ei oo ahtant, ei oo ahtanut |
1st plural | ahamma | emmä aha | 1st plural | oomma ahtaneet | emmä oo ahtaneet |
2nd plural | ahatta | että aha | 2nd plural | ootta ahtaneet | että oo ahtaneet |
3rd plural | ahtaat1), ahtavat2), ahetaa | evät aha, ei aheta | 3rd plural | ovat ahtaneet | evät oo ahtaneet, ei oo ahettu |
impersonal | ahetaa | ei aheta | impersonal | ono ahettu | ei oo ahettu |
Imperfekta | Pluskvamperfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | ahoin | en ahtant, en ahtanut | 1st singular | olin ahtant, olin ahtanut | en olt ahtant, en olt ahtanut |
2nd singular | ahoit | et ahtant, et ahtanut | 2nd singular | olit ahtant, olit ahtanut | et olt ahtant, et olt ahtanut |
3rd singular | ahtoi | ei ahtant, ei ahtanut | 3rd singular | oli ahtant, oli ahtanut | ei olt ahtant, ei olt ahtanut |
1st plural | ahoimma | emmä ahtaneet | 1st plural | olimma ahtaneet | emmä olleet ahtaneet |
2nd plural | ahoitta | että ahtaneet | 2nd plural | olitta ahtaneet | että olleet ahtaneet |
3rd plural | ahtoit1), ahtoivat2), ahettii | evät ahtaneet, ei ahettu | 3rd plural | olivat ahtaneet | evät olleet ahtaneet, ei olt ahettu |
impersonal | ahettii | ei ahettu | impersonal | oli ahettu | ei olt ahettu |
Konditsionala | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | ahtaisin | en ahtais | 1st singular | olisin ahtant, olisin ahtanut | en olis ahtant, en olis ahtanut |
2nd singular | ahtaisit, ahtaist1) | et ahtais | 2nd singular | olisit ahtant, olisit ahtanut | et olis ahtant, et olis ahtanut |
3rd singular | ahtais | ei ahtais | 3rd singular | olis ahtant, olis ahtanut | ei olis ahtant, ei olis ahtanut |
1st plural | ahtaisimma | emmä ahtais | 1st plural | olisimma ahtaneet | emmä olis ahtaneet |
2nd plural | ahtaisitta | että ahtais | 2nd plural | olisitta ahtaneet | että olis ahtaneet |
3rd plural | ahtaisiit1), ahtaisivat2), ahettais | evät ahtais, ei ahettais | 3rd plural | olisivat ahtaneet | evät olis ahtaneet, ei olis ahettu |
impersonal | ahettais | ei ahettais | impersonal | olis ahettu | ei olis ahettu |
Imperativa | |||||
Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
1st singular | — | — | 1st singular | — | — |
2nd singular | aha | elä aha | 2nd singular | oo ahtant, oo ahtanut | elä oo ahtant, elä oo ahtanut |
3rd singular | ahtakoo | elköö ahtako | 3rd singular | olkoo ahtant, olkoo ahtanut | elköö olko ahtant, elköö olko ahtanut |
1st plural | — | — | 1st plural | — | — |
2nd plural | ahtakaa | elkää ahtako | 2nd plural | olkaa ahtaneet | elkää olko ahtaneet |
3rd plural | ahtakoot | elkööt ahtako, elköö ahettako | 3rd plural | olkoot ahtaneet | elkööt olko ahtaneet, elköö olko ahettu |
impersonal | ahettakkoo | elköö ahettako | impersonal | olkoo ahettu | elköö olko ahettu |
Potentsiala | |||||
Preesens | |||||
positive | negative | ||||
1st singular | ahtanen | en ahtane | |||
2nd singular | ahtanet | et ahtane | |||
3rd singular | ahtanoo | ei ahtane | |||
1st plural | ahtanemma | emmä ahtane | |||
2nd plural | ahtanetta | että ahtane | |||
3rd plural | ahtanoot | evät ahtane, ei ahettane | |||
impersonal | ahettannoo | ei ahettane | |||
Nominal forms | |||||
Infinitivat | Partisipat | ||||
active | passive | ||||
1st | ahtaa | present | ahtava | ahettava | |
2nd | inessive | ahtajees | past | ahtant, ahtanut | ahettu |
instructive | ahtaen | 1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (ahtakaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative ***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential ****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition. | |||
3rd | illative | ahtamaa | |||
inessive | ahtamaas | ||||
elative | ahtamast | ||||
abessive | ahtamata | ||||
4th | nominative | ahtamiin | |||
partitive | ahtamista, ahtamist |
Derived terms
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 4
- Arvo Laanest (1997) Isuri keele Hevaha murde sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut, page 16