adcí
Old Irish
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *adkʷiseti, from ad- + Proto-Celtic *kʷiseti, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (“to observe”), the only other reflex of which in Celtic is Gaulish pissiumi (“I will see”). Cognate with Sanskrit चायति (cā́yati, “perceives”), Old Avestan 𐬗𐬋𐬌𐬱𐬙 (cōišt, “assign, allocate”).
The deuterotonic augmented preterite (perfect) ad·condairc is from Proto-Celtic *darke, an ā-preterite restructured from Proto-Celtic *dedorke, from Proto-Indo-European *de-dórḱ-e, the perfect of Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).[1] Cognate with Sanskrit दृश् (dṛś, “to see”), Ancient Greek δέρκομαι (dérkomai, “(I) see, watch; shine”), Old English torht (“bright, clear”), Albanian dritë (“light”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /aðˈkʲiː/
Verb
ad·cí (prototonic ·aicci, verbal noun aicsiu)
- to see, to behold
- to perceive
- (in passive) to seem, to appear
- c. 750, Preface to Saint Patrick's Breastplate, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, (1901–03, Cambridge University Press; reprinted 1975, 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, 2:354–58:
- conid annsin atchessa fiad lucht na netarnade comtis aige alta ⁊ iarróe ina ndiaid .i. Benen
- And then it appeared before those lying in ambush that they were wild deer with a fawn (Benén) following them.
- c. 750, Preface to Saint Patrick's Breastplate, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, (1901–03, Cambridge University Press; reprinted 1975, 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, 2:354–58:
For more quotations using this term, see Citations:adcí.
Usage notes
ad·cí is mostly immune to augmentation (with ro- or a similar preverb). For example, in the following dependent clause all three verbs are expected to have the potential augment:
- c. 9th century, Bethu Brigte, edited Donncha Ó hAodha (1978), lines 434-5 "Raga" ar Brigit, "conid·n-acar ⁊ conid·n-arladar ⁊ co·tarda bennacht form"
- "I shall go" said Brigit, "that I may see him (unaugm.) and that I may talk to him (augm.) and that he may bestow (augm.) a blessing upon me".
In the preterite however ad·condairc serves as the suppletive augmented form (perfect), but only in independent position! Other ro-forms, like ·airciu, ad·rodarcar, etc., meaning “can see”, “can be seen”, etc., are rare late forms.[2]
Conjugation
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive sg. | Passive pl. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present indicative | Deut. | ad·cíu, ad·cím | ad·cí | ad·cí, ad·cíi; atob·cí (with infixed pronoun dob-) | ad·ciam | ad·cíd | ad·ciat | ad·cíther; ad·rodarcar (ro-form) | ad·cíter |
| Prot. | ·aicciu, ·accim; ·airciu (ro-form) | ·aci, ·accai | ·aicci | ·accam, ·aciam | ·accid | ·acat, ·accat | ·acastar, ·accastar; ·aiccither | ||
| Imperfect indicative | Deut. | ad·cíd | ad·cítis | ad·cíthe | ad·cítis | ||||
| Prot. | ·aiccinn | ·aicthe | |||||||
| Preterite | Deut. | co·n-acca | co·n-acca | co·n-accae | co·n-accamar | co·n-accatar | ad·cess | ad·cessa; at·chessa (with infixed pronoun d-) | |
| Prot. | ·acca | ·acca | ·accae, ·acæ | ·accamar | ·accatar | ·aicces, ·aiccess | ·aicessa | ||
| Perfect | Deut. | ad·condarc | ad·condarc | ad·condairc | ad·condarcmar | ad·condarcaid | ad·condarctar | ||
| Prot. | ·acca | ·acca | ·accae | ·accamar | ·accatar | ||||
| Future | Deut. | ad·cichi, ad·cichither | ad·cichset | ad·cichestar, ad·cigestar | ad·cichsiter | ||||
| Prot. | ·accus | ·aiccigi | ·aiccichet | ||||||
| Conditional | Deut. | ad·ciched | ad·cichitis | ||||||
| Prot. | ·aicciged | ||||||||
| Present subjunctive | Deut. | ad·cear | ad·ced, ad·ceid | ad·cetar, ad·ceter | ad·cethar | ||||
| Prot. | ·accar | ·aicther | ·acathar, ·accathar; ·accadar | ·accamar | ·accatar | ·accastar; ·arcastar (ro-form) | |||
| Past subjunctive | Deut. | ad·ceinn | ad·cetha | ad·ceth | ad·cethe, ad·ceithe | ad·ceitis | ad·cethe, ad·ceithe | ||
| Prot. | ·accinn | ·aicced | ·accaitis | ·aiciste | ·aiccitis | ||||
| Imperative | |||||||||
| Verbal noun | aicsiu | ||||||||
| Past participle | |||||||||
| Verbal of necessity | |||||||||
Derived terms
- fris·acci
- imm·acci
Related terms
Mutation
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| ad·cí | ad·chí | ad·cí pronounced with /-ɡ(ʲ)-/ |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
References
- Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “*-de-dork-/*-de-drik-”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 270-71
- McCone, Kim (1997) The Early Irish Verb (Maynooth Monographs 1), 2nd edition, Maynooth: An Sagart, →ISBN, page 146
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “ad·cí”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language