Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/skulan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *skulaną. The change of sk to s observed in many languages is probably attributable to the word’s common appearance in unstressed position.[1]

Verb

*skulan[2]

to owe, to be obliged

Inflection

*skal, *skalt, *skulun, *skoldā[3]

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Descendants

Old English: sċulan, sċeolan
- Middle English: schulen
  - English: shall, should
  - Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)
  - Yola: shell, shall, shul
Old Frisian: skela, skila
- Saterland Frisian: skälle
- West Frisian: sille
Old Saxon: skulan
- Middle Low German: schȫlen, schöllen, schullen, sȫlen, scölen
  - Low German: schölen, sölen, schüllen, schöllen
    German Low German: schölen, sölen, sallen
Old Dutch: sulan
- Middle Dutch: sullen
  - Dutch: zullen
    - Afrikaans: sal
    - Jersey Dutch: zal
    - Negerhollands: sa, sal
    - Skepi Creole Dutch: sa
  - Limburgish: zölle, zólle
Old High German: skulan, sulan, scolan
- Middle High German: süln, suln, scholen, schulen, sollen, saln, soln
  - Alemannic German: solle
  - Bavarian: soin, solln
  - Central Franconian: solle
    - Hunsrik: solle
    - Luxembourgish: sollen
  - German: sollen
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Pennsylvania German: solle
  - Yiddish: זאָלן (zoln)

References

Friedrich Kluge (2011) “sollen”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 25th edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 857
Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 109: “*skulan”
Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 207: “PWGmc *skoldē”

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[1] Friedrich Kluge (2011) “sollen”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 25th edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 857

[2] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 109: “*skulan”

[3] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 207: “PWGmc *skoldē”