< Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bifūlijan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From *bi- + *fūlijan.

Verb

*bifūlijan

  1. to make dirty, befoul

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive *bifūlijan
1st sg. past *bifūlidā
Infinitive *bifūlijan
Genitive infin. *bifūlijannjas
Dative infin. *bifūlijannjē
Instrum. infin. *bifūlijannju
Indicative Present Past
1st singular *bifūliju *bifūlidā
2nd singular *bifūlisi *bifūlidēs, *bifūlidōs
3rd singular *bifūliþi *bifūlidē, *bifūlidā
1st plural *bifūlijum *bifūlidum
2nd plural *bifūliþ *bifūlidud
3rd plural *bifūlijanþ *bifūlidun
Subjunctive Present Past
1st singular *bifūlijē *bifūlidī
2nd singular *bifūlijēs *bifūlidī
3rd singular *bifūlijē *bifūlidī
1st plural *bifūlijēm *bifūlidīm
2nd plural *bifūlijēþ *bifūlidīd
3rd plural *bifūlijēn *bifūlidīn
Imperative Present
Singular *bifūli
Plural *bifūliþ
Present Past
Participle *bifūlijandī *bifūlid

Descendants

  • Old English: befȳlan
    • Middle English: befilen, befulen
  • Old Saxon: *bifūlian
    • Middle Low German: bevûlen, bevulen
      • German Low German: befulen
  • Old Dutch: *bifūlen
    • Middle Dutch: bevulen
      • Dutch: bevuilen
      • ? West Frisian: befûlje
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