< Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic

Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/orja

This Proto-Uralic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Uralic

Etymology

Traditionally taken as a borrowing from the Proto-Indo-Iranian autonym *áryas, or from an earlier stage of development (practically Proto-Indo-European) *óryos, with meaning 'slave' developing in a similar way as Latin sclavus (“slave”) from Sclavus (“Slav”).[1] EVE supports this etymology and argues that the meaning "south, southerner" is a parallel development from the Indo-Aryan endonym through the meaning "a people living south".[2]

Alternative theories exist as well, however. SSA argues that a borrowing from *áryas is unlikely due to the semantic gap.[3] Koivulehto proposed that the reflexes meaning 'slave, servant' may instead derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *werǵ- (“to work”),[4] but later expressed support for the aforementioned etymology from *áryas.[5]

Noun

*orja[6] (Finno-Permic)

  1. slave?
  2. southerner?

Descendants
  • >? Proto-Permic: *ver (alternatively, an Indo-European borrowing)
    • Komi:
      • Komi-Zyrian: вер (ver, “man, male; slave, servant”)
    • Udmurt: вар (var, “slave, servant”)
  • Proto-Mordvinic: *uŕə (“slave”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Samic: ? *oarjē (“south”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Finnic: *orja (“slave”) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Joki, Aulis J. (1973) Uralier und Indogermanen [Uralians and Indo-Europeans] (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia; 151) (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, →ISBN
  2. Junttila, Santeri, Kallio, Petri, Holopainen, Sampsa, Kuokkala, Juha, Pystynen, Juho, editors (2020–), “orja”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎ (in Finnish), retrieved 2022-11-29
  3. Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎ (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
  4. Koivulehto, Jorma. Indogermanisch – Uralisch: Lehnbeziehungen oder (auch) Urverwandtschaft? (1994), in Bopp-Symposium 1992 der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
  5. Koivulehto, Jorma. Varhaiset indoeurooppalaiskontaktit: Aika ja paikka lainasanojen valossa (1999), in Pohjan poluilla: Suomalaisten juuret nykytutkimuksen mukaan
  6. Rédei, Károly (1986–88) Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Uralic Etymological Dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó
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