< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic
Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yalga-
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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Turkic
Etymology
It has been suggested that it may be derived from *yalïg (itself possibly derived from an unattested *yal- (“to lick”))[1] if its earliest meaning was "tongue", compare Karakhanid [script needed] (yalığ, “a cock's comb; mane”)[2].
Conjugation
Conjugation of *yalga- (Common Turkic)
Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.
| Positive | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | *yālgamak | |||||||
| participle | present | *yālgagan, yālgagma, yālgar | ||||||
| past | *yālgaduk, yālgamïš | |||||||
| future | *yālgadačï, yālgamakčï, yālgasïk, yālgayačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *yālgama, yālgag, yālgagu | |||||||
| way of doing | *yālgaš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *yālgar ben | *yālgar sen | *yālgar | *yālgar biz | *yālgar siz | *yālgar | |
| past | simple | *yālgadïm | *yālgadïŋ | *yālgadï | *yālgadïk, yālgadïmïz | *yālgadïŋïz | *yālgadï | |
| inferential | *yālgamïš ben | *yālgamïš sen | *yālgamïš | *yālgamïš biz | *yālgamïš siz | *yālgamïš | ||
| future | simple | *yālgadačï ben, yālgamakčï ben, yālgayačak ben | *yālgadačï sen, yālgamakčï sen, yālgayačak sen | *yālgadačï, yālgamakčï, yālgayačak | *yālgadačï biz, yālgamakčï biz, yālgayačak biz | *yālgadačï siz, yālgamakčï siz, yālgayačak siz | *yālgadačï, yālgamakčï, yālgayačak | |
| predictive | *yālgagay ben | *yālgagay sen | *yālgagay | *yālgagay biz | *yālgagay siz | *yālgagay | ||
| necessitive | *yālgasïkïm | *yālgasïkïŋ | *yālgasïk | *yālgasïkïmïz | *yālgasïkïŋïz | *yālgasïk | ||
| conditional | *yālgasam, yālgasar ben | *yālgasaŋ, yālgasar sen | *yālgasa, yālgasar | *yālgasak, yālgasamïz, yālgasar biz | *yālgasaŋïz, yālgasar siz | *yālgasalar, yālgasar | ||
| optative | *yālgagay ben | *yālgagay sen | *yālgagay | *yālgagay biz | *yālgagay siz | *yālgagay | ||
| progressive | *yālgamakda ben | *yālgamakda sen | *yālgamakda | *yālgamakda biz | *yālgamakda siz | *yālgamakda | ||
| necessitative | *yālgamalïg ben | *yālgamalïg sen | *yālgamalïg | *yālgamalïg biz | *yālgamalïg siz | *yālgamalïg | ||
| imperative | *yālgayayïn | *yālga, yālgagïl | *yālgazun | *yālgayalïm | *yālgayïŋ | *yālgazun | ||
| Negative | ||||||||
| infinitive | *yālgamamak | |||||||
| participle | present | *yālgamagan, yālgamagma, yālgamaz | ||||||
| past | *yālgamaduk, yālgamamïš | |||||||
| future | *yālgamačï, yālgamasïk, yālgamayačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *yālgamama, yālgamag, yālgamagu | |||||||
| way of doing | *yālgamaš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *yālgamaz ben | *yālgamaz sen | *yālgamaz | *yālgamaz biz | *yālgamaz siz | *yālgamaz | |
| past | simple | *yālgamadïm | *yālgamadïŋ | *yālgamadï | *yālgamadïk, yālgamadïmïz | *yālgamadïŋïz | *yālgamadï | |
| inferential | *yālgamamïš ben | *yālgamamïš sen | *yālgamamïš | *yālgamamïš biz | *yālgamamïš siz | *yālgamamïš | ||
| future | simple | *yālgamačï ben, yālgamayačak ben | *yālgamačï sen, yālgamayačak sen | *yālgamačï, yālgamayačak | *yālgamačï biz, yālgamayačak biz | *yālgamačï siz, yālgamayačak siz | *yālgamačï, yālgamayačak | |
| predictive | *yālgamagay ben | *yālgamagay sen | *yālgamagay | *yālgamagay biz | *yālgamagay siz | *yālgamagay | ||
| necessitive | *yālgamasïkïm | *yālgamasïkïŋ | *yālgamasïk | *yālgamasïkïmïz | *yālgamasïkïŋïz | *yālgamasïk | ||
| conditional | *yālgamasam, yālgamasar ben | *yālgamasaŋ, yālgamasar sen | *yālgamasa, yālgamasar | *yālgamasak, yālgamasamïz, yālgamasar biz | *yālgamasaŋïz, yālgamasar siz | *yālgamasalar, yālgamasar | ||
| optative | *yālgamagay ben | *yālgamagay sen | *yālgamagay | *yālgamagay biz | *yālgamagay siz | *yālgamagay | ||
| progressive | *yālgamamakda ben | *yālgamamakda sen | *yālgamamakda | *yālgamamakda biz | *yālgamamakda siz | *yālgamamakda | ||
| necessitative | *yālgamamalïg ben | *yālgamamalïg sen | *yālgamamalïg | *yālgamamalïg biz | *yālgamamalïg siz | *yālgamamalïg | ||
| imperative | *yālgamayayïn | *yālgama, yālgamagïl | *yālgamazun | *yālgamayalïm | *yālgamayïŋ | *yālgamazun | ||
Derived terms
- ⇒ *yalgan (“lie”)
- ⇒? *yalbar- (“to beg”)
- ⇒? *yalbač (“prophet”)
Descendants
References
- Doerfer, Gerhard (1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 21) (in German), volume IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1881, pages 186-187
- al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume IV, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 735
- Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation), Utrecht: LOT, page 317
- Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2015) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 189
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “yalğa:-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 926
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “yalamak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 182
- Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, pages 87-89
- Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jālga-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
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