Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/top

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Compare Proto-Mongolic *toburugu (“round, convex”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*top

round thing, ball

Declension

Declension of *top

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*top
Accusative	topnï, topug ⁴⁾, *topnïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*topnïŋ
Dative	*topka
Locative	*topda
Ablative	*topdan
Allative	*topgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*topun
Equative ²⁾	*topča
Similative ²⁾	*toplayu
Comitative ²⁾	*toplugu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

→? Proto-Mongolic: *toburugu
Oghur:
- Chuvash: тупӑ (tup̬ă, “ball, cannonball”)

Arghu:
- Khalaj: top
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: top
  - Ottoman Turkish: طوپ
    - Turkish: top
    - → Albanian: top
    - → Greek: τόπι (tópi)
    - → Macedonian: топ (top)
    - → Middle Armenian: թօփ (tʻōpʻ)
      - Armenian: թոփ (tʻopʻ)
    - → Iraqi Arabic: طوبة (ṭobe)
    - → North Levantine Arabic: طابه (ṭābe)
    - → Ossetian: топп (topp)
    - → Persian: توپ (tup, top)
      - Hindi: तोप (top)
      - Urdu: توپ (top)
    - → Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: топ
      Latin script: top
    - → Slovene: top
  - Gagauz: top
- Turkmen: top
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (top)
  - Uzbek: top
  - Uyghur: توپ (top)
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: туп (tup)
  - Tatar: туп (tup)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: top
  - Kumyk: топ (top)
  - Karachay-Balkar: [script needed] (top)
  - Karaim: [script needed] (top)
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: top
    - Kazakh: доп (dop)
    - Nogai: топ (top)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: топ (top)

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*top”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

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