< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/teŋri

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions
  • *taŋrï

Etymology

The Old Chinese transcription 撐黎/撐犁 (ṭhāŋ-rə̄j) of the Xiongnu word 'sky' has been identified to have been borrowed Proto-Turkic *teŋri.[1] Vovin (2003) has suggested Yeniseian origin,[2] but this has not found widespread support. Some descendants, including Chuvash and Oghuz, point into the back-ablauted variant *taŋrï.

Noun

*teŋri

  1. sky
  2. Sky deity; Tengri

Declension
Declension of *teŋri
Singular 3)
Nominative *teŋri
Accusative *teŋrini, *teŋrig 4), *teŋrinig 1)
Genitive *teŋriniŋ
Dative *teŋrike
Locative *teŋride
Ablative *teŋriden
Allative *teŋrigerü
Instrumental 2) *teŋrin
Equative 2) *teŋriče
Similative 2) *teŋrileyü
Comitative 2) *teŋriligü
1) Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
4) Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants
  • Oghur:
    • Volga Bulgar:
      • Chuvash: турӑ (tură)
    • Danube Bulgar: ταγγρα
    • → Bulgar: [script needed] (Tangra, “a name of mountain that located in Bulgaria, Mount Musala; named by Bulgars during Asparukh Period”)
  • Common Turkic: *teŋri, *taŋrï
    • → Proto-Mongolic: *teŋgeri
      • Middle Mongol: ᠲᠩᠷᠢ (tŋri)
        • Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠩᠷᠢ (tŋri)
  • Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish:
      • Ottoman Turkish: تكری, تڭری, طاڭری, طاكری
        • Turkish: tanrı
        • → Gagauz: tanrı
        • → Laz: თანგრი (tangri), ტანგრი (ťangri), თრანგი (trangi), თანრი (tanri)
      • Azerbaijani: tanrı
    • Salar: danru
    • Turkmen: taňry
  • Karluk:
  • Kipchak:
    • Kipchak: tengeri (Codex Cumanicus)
    • Khorezmian Turkic: تنکری (täñri)
    • North Kipchak:
    • West Kipchak:
      • Kumyk: тенгири (teñiri)
      • Karachay-Balkar: тейри (teyri)
      • Crimean Tatar: tañrı
    • East Kipchak:
    • South Kipchak:
      • Karakalpak: тәңир
      • Kazakh: тәңір (täñır)
      • Nogai: таьнъир (täñir)
  • Siberian:
    • Old Turkic: 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 (t²ŋr²i)
      • North Siberian:
      • South Siberian:
        • Yenisei:
          • Khakas: тигiр (tigir)
          • Shor: тегри (tegri)
        • Sayan:
        • Northern Altai: тегре (tegre)
        • Western Yugur: teŋïr, tiŋïr

References
  1. Dybo, Anna (2014) “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎, volume 2, page 8
  2. Vovin, Alexander (2003) “Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary”, in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII: proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC), Budapest, Hungary, June 23-28, 2002‎
  • Doerfer, Gerhard (1965) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 19)‎ (in German), volume II, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 577
  • Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 523-524
  • Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 474
  • Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*teŋri”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎, Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
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