Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kalkan

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Clauson suggests that this is a basic noun, however in terms of its origin there have been multiple theories:

Rasanen and Nishanyan sugget that this is a borrowing from Proto-Mongolic *kalkan (“shield”) however ESMJa and Clauson suggest the reverse.
Nishanyan attempts to explain a native origin as a derivation *kalk- (“to rise”) +‎ *-gan.

Noun

*kalkan

(Common Turkic, weaponry) shield

Declension

Declension of *kalkan

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*kalkan
Accusative	kalkannï, kalkanïg ⁴⁾, *kalkannïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*kalkannïŋ
Dative	*kalkanka
Locative	*kalkanta
Ablative	*kalkantan
Allative	*kalkangaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*kalkanïn
Equative ²⁾	*kalkanča
Similative ²⁾	*kalkanlayu
Comitative ²⁾	*kalkanlïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

Common Turkic: *kalkan

Oghuz:
- West Oghuz:
  - Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kalkan)
    - Azerbaijani: qalxan
    - Ottoman Turkish: قلقان (kalkan)
      - Turkish: kalkan
- East Oghuz:
  - Turkmen: galkan
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (qalqan)
  - Chagatai: [script needed] (qalqan)
    - Uyghur: قالقان (qalqan)
    - Uzbek: qalqon
    - → Persian: قلقان (qalqân)
Kipchak:
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡалҡан (qalqan)
  - Tatar: калкан (qalkan)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: qalqan
  - Karaim: калкан (qalqan)
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: qalqan
  - Kazakh: қалқан (qalqan)
  - Nogai: калкан (kalkan)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: калкан (kalkan)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
  - Old Uyghur: qʾlqʾn (qalqan)
→? Proto-Mongolic: *kalkan

References

al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kalkan”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 621
Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, page 501
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 233
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kalkan”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 227
Sanžejev, G. D., Orlovskaja, M. N., Ševernina, Z. V. (2015–) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ mongolʹskix jazykov: v 3 t. [Etymological dictionary of Mongolic languages: in 3 vols.] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 27

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