< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic
Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/agsa-
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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Turkic
Etymology
Sevortjan suggets a derivation from *āg- (“to rise; to dangle”) and Nişanyan connects it to *ak- (“to flow”), however he also rejects both theories on the bases of semantics. Most other linguists consider it simplex.
Conjugation
Conjugation of *agsa- (Common Turkic)
Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.
| Positive | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | *agsamak | |||||||
| participle | present | *agsagan, agsagma, agsar | ||||||
| past | *agsaduk, agsamïš | |||||||
| future | *agsadačï, agsamakčï, agsasïk, agsayačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *agsama, agsag, agsagu | |||||||
| way of doing | *agsaš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *agsar ben | *agsar sen | *agsar | *agsar biz | *agsar siz | *agsar | |
| past | simple | *agsadïm | *agsadïŋ | *agsadï | *agsadïk, agsadïmïz | *agsadïŋïz | *agsadï | |
| inferential | *agsamïš ben | *agsamïš sen | *agsamïš | *agsamïš biz | *agsamïš siz | *agsamïš | ||
| future | simple | *agsadačï ben, agsamakčï ben, agsayačak ben | *agsadačï sen, agsamakčï sen, agsayačak sen | *agsadačï, agsamakčï, agsayačak | *agsadačï biz, agsamakčï biz, agsayačak biz | *agsadačï siz, agsamakčï siz, agsayačak siz | *agsadačï, agsamakčï, agsayačak | |
| predictive | *agsagay ben | *agsagay sen | *agsagay | *agsagay biz | *agsagay siz | *agsagay | ||
| necessitive | *agsasïkïm | *agsasïkïŋ | *agsasïk | *agsasïkïmïz | *agsasïkïŋïz | *agsasïk | ||
| conditional | *agsasam, agsasar ben | *agsasaŋ, agsasar sen | *agsasa, agsasar | *agsasak, agsasamïz, agsasar biz | *agsasaŋïz, agsasar siz | *agsasalar, agsasar | ||
| optative | *agsagay ben | *agsagay sen | *agsagay | *agsagay biz | *agsagay siz | *agsagay | ||
| progressive | *agsamakda ben | *agsamakda sen | *agsamakda | *agsamakda biz | *agsamakda siz | *agsamakda | ||
| necessitative | *agsamalïg ben | *agsamalïg sen | *agsamalïg | *agsamalïg biz | *agsamalïg siz | *agsamalïg | ||
| imperative | *agsayayïn | *agsa, agsagïl | *agsazun | *agsayalïm | *agsayïŋ | *agsazun | ||
| Negative | ||||||||
| infinitive | *agsamamak | |||||||
| participle | present | *agsamagan, agsamagma, agsamaz | ||||||
| past | *agsamaduk, agsamamïš | |||||||
| future | *agsamačï, agsamasïk, agsamayačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *agsamama, agsamag, agsamagu | |||||||
| way of doing | *agsamaš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *agsamaz ben | *agsamaz sen | *agsamaz | *agsamaz biz | *agsamaz siz | *agsamaz | |
| past | simple | *agsamadïm | *agsamadïŋ | *agsamadï | *agsamadïk, agsamadïmïz | *agsamadïŋïz | *agsamadï | |
| inferential | *agsamamïš ben | *agsamamïš sen | *agsamamïš | *agsamamïš biz | *agsamamïš siz | *agsamamïš | ||
| future | simple | *agsamačï ben, agsamayačak ben | *agsamačï sen, agsamayačak sen | *agsamačï, agsamayačak | *agsamačï biz, agsamayačak biz | *agsamačï siz, agsamayačak siz | *agsamačï, agsamayačak | |
| predictive | *agsamagay ben | *agsamagay sen | *agsamagay | *agsamagay biz | *agsamagay siz | *agsamagay | ||
| necessitive | *agsamasïkïm | *agsamasïkïŋ | *agsamasïk | *agsamasïkïmïz | *agsamasïkïŋïz | *agsamasïk | ||
| conditional | *agsamasam, agsamasar ben | *agsamasaŋ, agsamasar sen | *agsamasa, agsamasar | *agsamasak, agsamasamïz, agsamasar biz | *agsamasaŋïz, agsamasar siz | *agsamasalar, agsamasar | ||
| optative | *agsamagay ben | *agsamagay sen | *agsamagay | *agsamagay biz | *agsamagay siz | *agsamagay | ||
| progressive | *agsamamakda ben | *agsamamakda sen | *agsamamakda | *agsamamakda biz | *agsamamakda siz | *agsamamakda | ||
| necessitative | *agsamamalïg ben | *agsamamalïg sen | *agsamamalïg | *agsamamalïg biz | *agsamamalïg siz | *agsamamalïg | ||
| imperative | *agsamayayïn | *agsama, agsamagïl | *agsamazun | *agsamayalïm | *agsamayïŋ | *agsamazun | ||
Derived terms
- ⇒ *agsa-k (“lame”)
Descendants
- Common Turkic: *aksa-
- Proto-Oghuz: *aksa-
- Kipchak:
- Kipchak: اقساماق (aqsamaq)
- North Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
- Crimean Tatar: aqsamaq
- South Kipchak:
- Kazakh: ақсаңдау (aqsañdau)
- East Kipchak:
- Kyrgyz: акса- (aksa-), аксаңда- (aksaŋda-)
- Southern Altai: акса- (aksa-), аксаҥ- (aksaŋ-), аксаҥда- (aksaŋda-)
- Kipchak: اقساماق (aqsamaq)
- Siberian:
- Old Turkic:
- Old Uyghur: ʾʾqsʾ- (aɣsa-/aqsa-/axsa-)
- Old Turkic:
References
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “axsa:-”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 95
- al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943
- Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Nauka, page 76
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “aksamak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 9
- Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*agsa-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
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