Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ēr

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*er, *hēr, *her

Etymology

The word er 'man' according to Egorov (Eg. 30) is one of the oldest Turkic words and it is registered in almost all Turkic languages.

Compare Proto-Mongolic *ere (“male, man”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Noun

*ēr

man

Declension

Declension of *ēr

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*ēr
Accusative	ērni, ērig ⁴⁾, *ērnig ¹⁾
Genitive	*ērniŋ
Dative	*ērke
Locative	*ērte
Ablative	*ērten
Allative	*ērgerü
Instrumental ²⁾	*ērin
Equative ²⁾	*ērče
Similative ²⁾	*ērleyü
Comitative ²⁾	*ērligü

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Derived terms

*eren (“plural of man; men”)
*erler (“plural of man; men”)

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: ар (ar)

Middle Turkic: er
Arghu:
- Khalaj: hər
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (er)
  - Azerbaijani: ər
  - Ottoman Turkish: ار (er)
    - Turkish: er
    - Gagauz: er
- Turkmen: är
- Salar: ır
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (er)
  - Chagatai: اير (er)
    - Uyghur: ئەر (er)
      - Ili Turki: er
    - Uzbek: er
Kypchak:
- North Kypchak:
  - Bashkir: ир (ir)
  - Tatar: ир (ir)
- South Kipchak:
  - Kipchak-Nogai:
    - Karakalpak: er
    - Kazakh: ер (er)
    - Nogai: эр (ér)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: эр (er)
    - Southern Altai: эр (er)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: er
  - Karachay-Balkar: эр (er)
  - Karaim:
    - Cyrillic script: эр
    - Latin script: er
  - Kumyk: эр (er)
Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐰼 (er)
  - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (er)
    - Western Yugur: jer
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: эр
  - Yakut: эр (er)
- South Siberian:
  - Yenissei Turkic
    - Khakas: ир (ir)
    - Shor: эр
  - Sayan turkic:
    - Soyot:эр (er)
    - Tofa: эр
    - Tuvan: эр (er)

References

Karachay-Balkar Vocabulary of Proto-Turkic Origin, Volume 7 Studia turcologica Cracoviensia, Jagiellonian University, 2000. ISSN 1425-1973.
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “er”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 192

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