< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/sluga
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Disputed:
- Zubatý, Brückner: Cognate with Lithuanian slaugà (“servitude, assistance”) (abstract noun) and probably[1] Proto-Celtic *slougos (“troop, military regiment”); per Matasović, a collective deadjectival from an earlier Proto-Balto-Slavic *sláugas (“adherent?”) + *-a < perhaps Proto-Indo-European *slew- (“to proceed, to adhere to”). Favoured by Vasmer, Machek, Snoj. Some scholars (Mikkola, Šakhmatov) even consider an early borrowing from Celtic.
- Mladenov, Ondruš: Native formation from *sluti (“to call”) + *-ga, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to listen”). Akin to Latin cliēns (“customer, companion”).
Usage notes
The word usually refers to a male servant, even though it is an ā-stem. The female equivalent is *slugyni < *sluga + *-yni.
Declension
Declension of *slūgà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *slūgà | *slũdzě | *slūgỳ |
| genitive | *slūgỳ | *slūgù | *slũgъ |
| dative | *slūdzě̀ | *slūgàma | *slūgàmъ |
| accusative | *slūgǫ̀ | *slũdzě | *slūgỳ |
| instrumental | *slūgòjǫ, *slũgǫ** | *slūgàma | *slūgàmī |
| locative | *slūdzě̀ | *slūgù | *slūgàsъ, *slūgàxъ* |
| vocative | *slugo | *slũdzě | *slūgỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
Related terms
- *slověninъ (“Slav”) (per Brückner)
- *sluzь (“slime”), *sluda/*sludy (“moulding”) (possibly)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
- → Hungarian: szolga
- → Romanian: slugă
- →⇒? Proto-Finnic: *sulhainën (see there for further descendants)
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “слуга”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Todorov, T. A., Racheva, M., editors (2010), “слуга”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 7 (слòво – теря̀свам), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 117
- “slauga”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
References
- Matasović, Ranko (2010) “Some Celto-Slavic etymologies”, in Studia Celto-Slavica, volume 3, page 16: “5. PCelt. *slowgo- ‘troop, army’”
- Snoj, Marko (2016) “sluga”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *sluga̋”
- Olander, Thomas (2001) “sluga slugy”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b (SA 104; PR 135)”
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