< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kъsьnъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kuśnas, probably continuing an obscure Proto-Indo-European *kewḱ-. Cognate[1] with Latvian kusls (“stiff, small, weak”), Lithuanian kùšlas (“blind, weak, small”).
Trubachev proposes instead a connection to Proto-Slavic *kysělъ (“sour, bitter”) (or Proto-Slavic *kvasъ (“leaven”) in that matter) via semantic shift sour → overpassed its expiration date → late similar to Latin sērus (“late”) from Latin serum (“whey”).
Technically, could also reflect an earlier *kъtsьnъ akin to Proto-Slavic *kъsenь (“caviar, spawn”), Proto-Slavic *kutiti (“to push”), Proto-Slavic *kustriti (“to push, to incite”) and further Lithuanian kùtas (“fringe, hem”). Per Snoj, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kweh₂t- (“to seethe”), probably a t-extension of Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to hew”).
Inflection
Indefinite declension of *kъsьnъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *kъsьnъ | *kъsьna | *kъsьno |
| genitive | *kъsьna | *kъsьny | *kъsьna |
| dative | *kъsьnu | *kъsьně | *kъsьnu |
| accusative | *kъsьnъ | *kъsьnǫ | *kъsьno |
| instrumental | *kъsьnomь | *kъsьnojǫ | *kъsьnomь |
| locative | *kъsьně | *kъsьně | *kъsьně |
| vocative | *kъsьne | *kъsьno | *kъsьno |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *kъsьna | *kъsьně | *kъsьně |
| genitive | *kъsьnu | *kъsьnu | *kъsьnu |
| dative | *kъsьnoma | *kъsьnama | *kъsьnoma |
| accusative | *kъsьna | *kъsьně | *kъsьně |
| instrumental | *kъsьnoma | *kъsьnama | *kъsьnoma |
| locative | *kъsьnu | *kъsьnu | *kъsьnu |
| vocative | *kъsьna | *kъsьně | *kъsьně |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *kъsьni | *kъsьny | *kъsьna |
| genitive | *kъsьnъ | *kъsьnъ | *kъsьnъ |
| dative | *kъsьnomъ | *kъsьnamъ | *kъsьnomъ |
| accusative | *kъsьny | *kъsьny | *kъsьna |
| instrumental | *kъsьny | *kъsьnami | *kъsьny |
| locative | *kъsьněxъ | *kъsьnaxъ | *kъsьněxъ |
| vocative | *kъsьni | *kъsьny | *kъsьna |
Definite declension of *kъsьnъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *kъsьnъjь | *kъsьnaja | *kъsьnoje |
| genitive | *kъsьnajego | *kъsьnyję̇ | *kъsьnajego |
| dative | *kъsьnujemu | *kъsьněji | *kъsьnujemu |
| accusative | *kъsьnъjь | *kъsьnǫjǫ | *kъsьnoje |
| instrumental | *kъsьnyjimь | *kъsьnǫjǫ | *kъsьnyjimь |
| locative | *kъsьnějemь | *kъsьněji | *kъsьnějemь |
| vocative | *kъsьnъjь | *kъsьnaja | *kъsьnoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *kъsьnaja | *kъsьněji | *kъsьněji |
| genitive | *kъsьnuju | *kъsьnuju | *kъsьnuju |
| dative | *kъsьnyjima | *kъsьnyjima | *kъsьnyjima |
| accusative | *kъsьnaja | *kъsьněji | *kъsьněji |
| instrumental | *kъsьnyjima | *kъsьnyjima | *kъsьnyjima |
| locative | *kъsьnuju | *kъsьnuju | *kъsьnuju |
| vocative | *kъsьnaja | *kъsьněji | *kъsьněji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *kъsьniji | *kъsьnyję̇ | *kъsьnaja |
| genitive | *kъsьnъjixъ | *kъsьnъjixъ | *kъsьnъjixъ |
| dative | *kъsьnyjimъ | *kъsьnyjimъ | *kъsьnyjimъ |
| accusative | *kъsьnyję̇ | *kъsьnyję̇ | *kъsьnaja |
| instrumental | *kъsьnyjimi | *kъsьnyjimi | *kъsьnyjimi |
| locative | *kъsьnyjixъ | *kъsьnyjixъ | *kъsьnyjixъ |
| vocative | *kъsьniji | *kъsьnyję̇ | *kъsьnaja |
Derived terms
- *kъsьno (“late”) (adverb)
- *kъsьněti (“to be late”)
Descendants
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ко́сный”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*kъsьnъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 13 (*kroměžirъ – *kyžiti), Moscow: Nauka, page 246
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “късен”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 229
References
- Derksen, Rick (2015) “*kùšlas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 267
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*kъsьnъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 263
- Snoj, Marko (2016) “kásen”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*kъ̀sьnъ”
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