Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s-njam

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *niəm/nyəm (Coblin, 1986)
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-nyam ("think"), *nyam ("see") (Matisoff, STEDT)

Compare Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”) (Sagart, 1993) (~ doublet *demdem (“to think”)) (> Paiwan (Kulalao) ki-nemnem (“to think, to cogitate”), Kavalan anem (“heart, mind, conscience”), Javanese angrem (“sit brooding”)), Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “to remember, to keep in mind; memory, remembrance”) (< ចាំ (cam)) (Schuessler, 2007).

Verb

*s-njam

to think

Noun

*s-njam

mind, thought

Descendants

Old Chinese: 念 (niàn) /*nˤim-s/ (B-S), /*nɯːms/ (ZS) ("to think of, to miss; to show love for; to read aloud"); 無念／无念 (wúniàn) /*m.nˤim-s/ (B-S; unlisted) ("to think of"); 恁 /*nəmʔ/ (B-S), /*njɯmʔ/ (ZS) ("to think of, to long for")
- Middle Chinese: 念 (nemH), 恁 (ȵiɪmX)

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**:

→ Japanese: 念 (ねん, nen)
Korean: 념 (念, nyeom)
Vietnamese: niệm (念)

- - Modern Mandarin
    - Beijing: 念 (niàn) (niàn, /ni̯ɛn⁵¹/), 恁 (rèn, /ʐən⁵¹/)
Himalayish
- Tibeto-Kanauri
  - Bodic
    - Tibetan
      - Written Tibetan: ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, thought”), སྙམ་པ (snyam pa, “to think; mind”)