Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḳ-r-ʔ

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Compare Tamahaq ăɣăr (“read, call”).

Verb

ḳaraʔ-

to call, to invite
to read, to recite, to invoke, to repeat
(likely) to piece together; to collect

Conjugation

Conjugation of Proto-Semitic/ḳ-r-ʔ (paʕala)

		singular				dual			plural
verbal noun					*ḳirāʔat-
active participle					*ḳāriʔ-
passive participle					ḳarīʔ-, ḳarūʔ-
		1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person		1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
perfect	m	*ḳaraʔku	*ḳaraʔka	*ḳaraʔa		*ḳaraʔkayā	*ḳaraʔkā	*ḳaraʔā	*ḳaraʔna	*ḳaraʔkanu	*ḳaraʔū
perfect	f	*ḳaraʔku	*ḳaraʔki	*ḳaraʔat		*ḳaraʔkayā	*ḳaraʔkā	*ḳaraʔatā	*ḳaraʔna	*ḳaraʔkina	*ḳaraʔā

imperfect	m	*ʔaḳraʔ	*taḳraʔ	*yiḳraʔ			*taḳraʔā	*yaḳraʔā	*niḳraʔ	*taḳraʔū	*yiḳraʔū
imperfect	f	*ʔaḳraʔ	*taḳraʔī	*taḳraʔ			*taḳraʔā	*taḳraʔā	*niḳraʔ	*taḳraʔā	*yiḳraʔā

imperative	m		*ḳaraʔ				*ḳaraʔā			*ḳaraʔū
imperative	f		*ḳaraʔī				*ḳaraʔā			*ḳaraʔā

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒂵𒊏𒌝 (qarā'um), 𒆠𒊒𒌝 (qerûm)
- Eblaite: 𒂵𒆷𒌝, 𒂵𒊏𒌝 (ga-la-um, ga-ra-um /⁠qarā'um⁠/), 𒂵𒂗𒌝 (ga-ru₁₂-um /⁠qarûm⁠/)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: قَرَأَ (qaraʔa)
    - Algerian Arabic: قرا (qrā)
    - Egyptian Arabic: قرا (ʔara)
    - Gulf Arabic: قرا (gira)
    - Maltese: qara
    - Moroccan Arabic: قرا (qrā)
    - Tunisian Arabic: قرا (qrā)
    - South Levantine Arabic: قرا (ʔara)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic: קְרָא (qərāʾ)
      - Classical Syriac: ܩܪܳܐ (qərāʾ)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: קָרָא (kará, qārāʾ)
      - Phoenician: 𐤒𐤓𐤀 (qrʾ)
        Punic: 𐤒𐤓𐤀 (qrʾ)
        → Kabyle: ɣer
    - Ugaritic: 𐎖𐎗𐎀 (qrả /⁠qaraʾa⁠/)

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