Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔarṣ́-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*ʔarṣ́- f

earth

Inflection

Declension of *ʔarṣ́-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*ʔarṣ́um

*ʔarṣ́āna

*ʔarṣ́ātum

Genitive

*ʔarṣ́im

*ʔarṣ́ayna

*ʔarṣ́ātim

Accusative

*ʔarṣ́am

possessive forms

1st person

*ʔarṣ́ī / *ʔarṣ́Vya

—

*ʔarṣ́Vni

2nd person m

*ʔarṣ́Vka

*ʔarṣ́Vkumā / *ʔarṣ́Vkumay

*ʔarṣ́Vkum(ū)

2nd person f

*ʔarṣ́Vki

*ʔarṣ́Vkin(ā)

3rd person m

*ʔarṣ́Všu

*ʔarṣ́Všumā / *ʔarṣ́Všumay

*ʔarṣ́Všum(ū)

3rd person f

*ʔarṣ́Vša

*ʔarṣ́Všin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔarṣ́uya for nom. case, *ʔarṣ́iya for gen. case, *ʔarṣ́aya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔarṣ́-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔarṣ́uka	*ʔarṣ́āka	*ʔarṣ́ātuka
Genitive	*ʔarṣ́ika	*ʔarṣ́ayka	*ʔarṣ́ātika
Accusative	*ʔarṣ́aka	*ʔarṣ́ayka	*ʔarṣ́ātika

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔarṣ́-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔarṣ́uki	*ʔarṣ́āki	*ʔarṣ́ātuki
Genitive	*ʔarṣ́iki	*ʔarṣ́ayki	*ʔarṣ́ātiki
Accusative	*ʔarṣ́aki	*ʔarṣ́ayki	*ʔarṣ́ātiki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒆠 (erṣetum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: أَرْض (ʔarḍ)
    - Gulf Arabic: ارض (arḏ̣)
    - Maltese: art
    - → Afar: árdi
    - → Somali: arli
    - → Swahili: ardhi
    - → Zazaki: erd
    - → Northern Kurdish: erd
    - → Ottoman Turkish: ارض
      - Turkish: arz
    - → Persian: ارض
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡒 (ʾrq)
      
      Biblical Aramaic: ארק
      
      Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: אַרְעָא (ʾarʿā)
      - Classical Syriac: ܐܰܪܥܳܐ (ʾarʿā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Hebrew: אֶרֶץ ('érets, ʾéreṣ)
      - Moabite: 𐤀𐤓𐤑 (ʾrṣ)
      - Phoenician: 𐤀𐤓𐤑 (ʾrṣ /⁠ʾerṣ⁠/)
        Punic: 𐤀𐤓𐤑 (ʾrṣ /⁠ʾars⁠/)
    - Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎗𐎕 (ảrṣ /⁠ʾarṣu⁠/)
  - Old South Arabian:
    - Hadrami: 𐩱𐩧𐩳 (ʾrḍ)
    - Minaean: 𐩱𐩧𐩳 (ʾrḍ)
    - Qatabanian: 𐩱𐩧𐩳 (ʾrḍ)
    - Sabaean: 𐩱𐩧𐩳 (ʾrḍ)
- Modern South Arabian
  - Shehri: ʾɛrẓ̂
⇒? Egyptian: rṯnw (possibly)

References

Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 189
Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
Huehnergard, John (2019) “Proto-Semitic”, in Huehnergard, John and Na'ama Pat-El, editors, The Semitic Languages, 2nd edition, Routledge, →ISBN

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