Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/šikar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*šikar- m

alcoholic drink

Inflection

Declension of *šikar-

Case

Singular

Dual

Plural

Nominative

*šikarum

*šikarāna

plural stem + *-ūna

Genitive

*šikarim

*šikarayna

plural stem + *-īna

Accusative

*šikaram

possessive forms

1st person

*šikarī / *šikarVya

—

*šikarVni

2nd person m

*šikarVka

*šikarVkumā / *šikarVkumay

*šikarVkum(ū)

2nd person f

*šikarVki

*šikarVkin(ā)

3rd person m

*šikarVšu

*šikarVšumā / *šikarVšumay

*šikarVšum(ū)

3rd person f

*šikarVša

*šikarVšin(ā)

Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible.

Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *šikaruya for nom. case, *šikariya for gen. case, *šikaraya for acc. case, etc.

Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *šikar-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*šikaruka	*šikarāka	plural stem + *-ūka
Genitive	*šikarika	*šikarayka	plural stem + *-īka
Accusative	*šikaraka	*šikarayka	plural stem + *-īka

Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *šikar-

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*šikaruki	*šikarāki	plural stem + *-ūki
Genitive	*šikariki	*šikarayki	plural stem + *-īki
Accusative	*šikaraki	*šikarayki	plural stem + *-īki

Descendants

East Semitic:
- Akkadian: 𒁉 m (šikarum)
West Semitic:
- Central Semitic:
  - Arabic: سَكَر m (sakar)
  - Northwest Semitic:
    - Aramaic:
      - Classical Syriac: ܫܰܟܪܳܐ m (šaḵrā)
    - Canaanite:
      - Biblical Hebrew: שֵׁכָר m (šēḵār)
        → Ancient Greek: σίκερα (síkera)
        → Latin: sīcera
        Old French: cisdre, sidre
        → Middle Dutch: sider
        Dutch: cider
        
        French: cidre
        → Japanese: シードル (shīdoru)
        
        Breton: chistr
        
        → Middle English: cider
        English: cider, cyser
        → Hebrew: סַיְדֶּר m (sáider)
        
        → Japanese: サイダー (saidā)
        → Korean: 사이다 (saida)
        
        → Welsh: seidr

References

Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 241

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