Reconstruction:Proto-Mon-Khmer/ruŋ

• Proto-Mon-Khmer: *ruŋ ~ *ruuŋ ~ *ruəŋ (Shorto, 2006)

*ruŋ

1. river, channel

• → Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river, valley”)
  • Old Chinese: 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”) and possibly 谷 (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ, “valley”)

    derivate: 港 (OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs, “harbour”)

    → Vietnamese: giang (“river”)

  • Written Tibetan: ལྗོངས (ljongs, “valley”), ཀླུང་མ (klung ma, “river, stream”), ལུང་པ (lung pa, “river”)
  • Burmese: ချောင်း (hkyaung:, “stream, brook, creek”)
  • Tavoyan: ခ္လောင်း (“stream, brook, crekk”)
• Proto-Bahnaric: *k-rɔɔŋ ("river") (Sidwell, 2011)
  • North Bahnaric
    • Halang: kroang (/krɔaŋ/, “river”)
  • Central Bahnaric
    • Bahnar: klŏng (/klɔŋ/, “deep water in river or sea”)
  • South Bahnaric
    • Sre-Mnong
      • Sre: klong (/kloŋ/, “water-hole”)
      • Mnong: krông (/kroːŋ/, “river”)
• Proto-Katuic: *rɔɔŋ (“river, stream”) (Sidwell, 2005)
  • Eastern Katu: k'ruung
  • Pacoh: cruông (/kruəŋ/, “river valley”)
• Khmeric
  • Old Khmer: *gloṅ, *ghloṅ (“passage, way; waterway”)

    → Thai: คลอง (klɔɔng, “passage”)

    • Modern Khmer: គន្លង (kŭənlɔɔng, “track, trail, way”) (< Old Khmer ganloṅ)
• Monic: *krooŋ ("river, stream, creek") (Diffloth, 1984)
  • Mon: ကြုၚ် (krɜŋ, “river”)
• Proto-Palaungic: *rɔŋ (“river valley”) (Sidwell, 2010)
  • Waic: *klɔŋ (Diffloth, 1980)
    • Wa: klawng (/klɔŋ/, “river”)
• Pearic
  • Chong: /kʰrɑːŋ/
• Proto-Vietic: *k-roːŋ (Ferlus, 2007) (?)

  → Eastern Cham: krăwng (/krɔŋ/, “river”)

  → Acehnese: kruëng (“river”)

  • Vietnamese: sông
  • Muong: không (/kʰoːŋ¹/, “river”)
• >? Old Javanese: lwah (“river”)
  • > Javanese: ꦭꦺꦴꦃ (loh) (inherited)
  • → Balinese: ᬮᬸᬯᬄ (luah)
  • → Indonesian: luah (learned)

• Proto-Mon-Khmer: *ruŋ ~ *ruuŋ ~ *ruəŋ (Shorto, 2006)

*ruŋ

1. to fall, to drop off

• Bahnaric:
  • Bahnar: rŭng
  • Koho: rung
• Proto-Vietic: *ruŋʔ (Ferlus, 2007)
  • Vietnamese: rụng