Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/za-

This Proto-Kartvelian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Kartvelian

Etymology

The full form is only found in Svan. In Georgian and Zan languages it appears in compounds, such as Proto-Georgian-Zan *za-mt-ar- (“winter”) and Proto-Georgian-Zan *za-px-ul- (“summer”). According to Klimov (1998), Proto-Kartvelian speakers divided the year into two basic seasons.

Root

*za-

year
season

Derived terms

⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *za-mt-ar- (“winter”)
- Old Georgian: ზამთარი (zamtari)
  - Georgian: ზამთარი (zamtari)
- Zan:
  - Mingrelian: ზოთონჯი (zotonǯi)
⇒ Proto-Georgian-Zan: *za-px-ul- (“summer”)
- Old Georgian: ზაფხული (zapxuli)
  - Georgian: ზაფხული (zapxuli)
⇒? Proto-Kartvelian: *za-max- (“New Year”)
- Proto-Georgian-Zan:
  - Zan:
    - >? Mingrelian: *ზომხა (*zomxa)
      - → Svan: ზომხა (zomxa)
- >? Svan: ზა̈ჲმახე (zäymaxe), ზა̈მა̈ხე (zämäxe), ზაჲმახე (zaymaxe), ზა̈ჲმა̈ხე (zäymäxe)

Descendants

Svan: ზა̈ჲ (zäy, “year”), ზა̈უ̂ (zäû, “this year”), ლჷზა̈ჲ (ləzäy, “of this year”)

References

Klimov, G. A. (1998) Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages (Trends in linguistics. Documentation; 16), New York, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, page 56
Penrixi (Fähnrich), Hainc, Sarǯvelaʒe, Zurab (2000) Kartvelur enata eṭimologiuri leksiḳoni [Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages] (in Georgian), 2nd edition, Tbilisi: Tbilisi Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani State University Press, pages 206–207
Fähnrich, Heinz (2007) Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch [Kartvelian Etymological Dictionary] (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.18) (in German), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 166

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