< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/cwáHdaH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćwáHdʰaH, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwéh₁-dʰ-o-h₁ (dual), from *ḱweh₁-, *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, be great”)[1]. Possible cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬏𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬌 (sūidiiāi, “to swell, increase”, inf.), Bactrian σοδο (sodo /⁠sūdo⁠/, “plenty”), Middle Persian [script needed] (swd /⁠sūd⁠/), [script needed] (swwd /⁠sūd⁠/, “profit, advantage”), Sanskrit शवस् (śavas, “strength, superiority”).

Noun

*cwáHdaH m

  1. army

Derived terms

Descendants
  • Central Iranian:
    • Old Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬛𐬀 (spāda)
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬜𐬀 (spāδa)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian: *spāda
    • Sogdian: [script needed] (ʾspʾδ /⁠əspāδ⁠/)
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Northern Kurdish: s(i)pa, supa
    • Old Median: *spāδā
      • → Old Persian: *spādā, 𐎿𐎱𐎠𐎭 (spādaʰ)
        • Middle Persian: [script needed] (*spʾd /⁠*spāy⁠/)
    • Parthian: *spāδ
      Manichaean script: 𐫙𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫅 (ʿspʾd /⁠ispāδ⁠/)
      • → Old Armenian: սպահ (spah)
      • → Middle Persian:
        Manichaean script: 𐫘𐫛𐫀𐫍 (spʾh)
        Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧 (spʾḥ)
        Pazend script: 𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬵 (spāh)
        • Classical Persian: سپاه (sipāh)
          • Iranian Persian: سپاه (sepâh)
          • → Ottoman Turkish: سپاه (sipâh)
          • → Urdu: سپاه (sipāh)
          • ⇒ Persian: سپاهی (sepâhi) (see there for further descendants)
        • → Georgian: სპა (sṗa)
        • → Classical Syriac: ܐܣܦܗ (ʾsph)[3]

References
  1. Kent, Roland G. (1950) “spada-”, in Old Persian: grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society, page 210
  2. Abajev, V. I. (1958) “æfsad | æfsad”, in Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press, page 479
  3. “ˀsph”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
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