< Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/cáywaH

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Alternative forms
  • *cáyHwaH

Etymology

Unknown; possibly from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćáyHwaH (“precious; treasure”) (whence Sanskrit शेव (śéva, “dear, precious”)), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱéyH-weh₂, from *ḱeyH-.

Noun

*cáywaH f

  1. apple

Inflection
aH-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *cáywaH *cáyway *cáywāh
vocative *cáyway *cáyway *cáywāh
accusative *cáywām *cáyway *cáywāh
instrumental *cáywayaH *cáywaHbyā *cáywaHbiš
ablative *cáywayaHh *cáywaHbyā *cáywaHbyah
dative *cáywayaHy *cáywaHbyā *cáywaHbyah
genitive *cáywayaHh *cáywāyāh *cáywaHnām
locative *cáywayaH *cáywāyaw *cáywaHsu

Descendants
  • Northwestern Iranian:
    • Baluchi: سوپ (sóp)
    • Kurdish:
      Central Kurdish: سێو (sêw)
      Northern Kurdish: sêv
      Southern Kurdish: سێف (sêf)
      Laki: سێف (sêf)
    • Proto-Medo-Parthian: *sáywā
      • Caspian:
        • Gilaki: سئب (seb)
        • Gurgani: [Term?] (sep)
        • Old Mazanderani: سه (se)
          • Aftari: [script needed] (sey)
          • Mazanderani: سه (se), سف (sef), سیف (sīf)
          • Yushiji: [script needed] (sif), [script needed] (sefak)
      • Old Median: *sáywā
        • Middle Median: *sḗwa
          • Alviri-Vidari: سیب (sīb)
          • Kermanic:
            Abuzeydabadi, Abyanehi, Naraqi, Mahallati, Qalhari, Qohrudi: sōw
            Badrudi, Farizandi, Hanjani: sou
            Jowshaqani, Komjani, Tarehi, Yarandi: sāv
            Meymehi: sō
          • Sivandi: sōw, sōwe
          • Tafreshi:
            Amorehi: [script needed] (söa)
            Ashtiani, Vafsi: [script needed] (siya)
            Kahaki: [script needed] (siye)
          • Proto-Tatic: *sḗwa
            • Old Tati:
              Old Azari: سیو (sīw)
              • Central Tati:
                Asalemi, Taleshdulabi: سیف (sif)
                Karganrudi: سهف (sef)
                Lavandvili: سیف (sēf)
              • Northern Tati:
                Harzani: سو (sev)
                Karingani: سیو (siv)
              • Southern Tati: f
                Chali Tati, Ebrahimabadi, Takestani: اسیفا (asifa)
                Sagzabadi: اسوا (asua)
                Takestani: اسیفه (asife)
            • Talysh:
              • Northern Talysh:
                Lankarani: sef
              • Southern Talysh:
                Masali: سیف (sif)
                Masulei: سهف (sef)
      • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
        • Gurani: ساۋێ (sāvi), سەۋێ (savi)
        • Zazaki: sa, say, saye, sawî
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Middle Persian:
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (syp̄ /⁠sēb⁠/)
      • Bakhtiari: سیڤ (sīv), سیو (seyw)
      • Northern Luri: سؽڤ (sêv)
      • Classical Persian: سیب (sēb), سیو (sēw)
        • Dari: سیب (sēb)
        • Iranian Persian: سیب (sīb)
        • Tajik: ceб (seb)
        • → Hindustani:
          Hindi: सेब (seb)
          Urdu: سیب (seb)
        • → Kannada: ಸೇಬು (sēbu)
        • → Odia: ସେବ (sebô)
        • → Pashto: سېب (seb), سېو (sew)
        • → Parachi: sēb, sēw (“apple, female breast”)[1]
        • → Punjabi:
          Gurmukhi script: ਸੇਬ (seb)
          Shahmukhi script: سیب (seb)
        • → Rohingya: sép
        • → Wakhi: sēb (“small apple”)[2]
        • → Yagnobi: ceб (sēb)[3]
  • → Sanskrit: सेव n (seva), सेवि n (sevi)[4] (see there for further descendants)

Further reading
  • Borjian, Habib (2008) “The Extinct Language of Gurgan: Its Sources and Origins”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, page 700
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) “seva-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 520
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (1973) “Chapter 7: Feminine nouns in -a in Western Iranian dialects”, in Irano-Dardica (Beiträge zur Iranistik; 5), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN

References
  1. Morgenstierne, Georg (1929) “sēb”, in Parachi and Ormuri (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume I, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page 286
  2. Morgenstierne, Georg (1938) “sēb”, in Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page 539
  3. Novák, Ľubomír (2010) “sēb”, in Jaghnóbsko-český slovník (s přehledem jaghnóbské gramatiky) [Yaghnobi-Czech Dictionary with an Outline of Yaghnobi Grammar]‎ (in Czech), Prague: Charles University in Prague, page 151
  4. Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “sēvi”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
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