< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/kʰáras

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Unknown; possibly borrowed from the BMAC substrate.[1] Probably not related to Akkadian 𒀲𒄩𒀀𒊏𒄠 (ḫa-a-ra-am /⁠ḫārum⁠/, “male ass, foal”), 𒀲𒀀𒅀𒊏𒄠 (a-ia-ra-am /⁠ayarum⁠/, “donkey”),[2] likely borrowed from Proto-West Semitic *ʿayr- (“ass”).[3] Compare, however, Albanian kërr.

Noun

*kʰáras m[4]

  1. donkey

Declension
masculine a-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *kʰáras *kʰárā *kʰárā, -ās(as)
vocative *kʰára *kʰárā *kʰárā, -ās(as)
accusative *kʰáram *kʰárā *kʰárāns
instrumental *kʰárā *kʰáraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām *kʰárāyš
ablative *kʰárāt *kʰáraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām *kʰáraybʰyas
dative *kʰárāy *kʰáraybʰyaH, -ābʰyām *kʰáraybʰyas
genitive *kʰárasya *kʰárayās *kʰárāna(H)m
locative *kʰáray *kʰárayaw *kʰárayšu

Descendants
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kʰáras
    • Sanskrit: खर (khára)
      • Pali: khara
      • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀔𑀭 (khara)
        • Gujarati: ખર (khar)
        • Hindi: खर (khar)
  • Proto-Iranian: *xárah
    • Central Iranian:
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬑𐬀𐬭𐬀 (xara)
    • Northeastern Iranian:
      • Proto-Scythian:
        • Ossetian: хӕрӕг (xæræg)
        • Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
          • Khotanese: 𑀔𑀭𑀸 (kharā /⁠kharä⁠/)
            • → Tocharian B: [Term?] (khare)
          • Wakhi: (/⁠xūr⁠/)
            Arabic script: خؤر
            Cyrillic script: хур (xur)
      • Sogdo-Bactrian:
        • Bactrian: χαρο (xaro /⁠xar⁠/)
        • Khwarezmian: خر (xr /⁠*xar⁠/)
        • Sogdian: (/⁠xar⁠/)
          Sogdian script: γ𐽀 (γr)
          Syriac script: ܓܪ (γr)
        • Yagnobi: хар (xar)
    • Southeastern Iranian:
      • Ormuri-Parachi:
        • Ormuri: خر (xar)
        • Parachi: کهؤر (khṏr)
      • Pamiri languages:
        • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (xur)
        • Sanglechi: [script needed] (xōr)
        • Munji: خره (xara)
        • Yidgha: خورُ (xoro)
        • Sarikoli: [script needed] (šer)
        • Shughni:
          Bartangi: шу̊р (šū̊r)
          Roshani: шор (šōr)
        • Yazghulami: хур (xur)
      • Pashto: خر (xar), خره (xrë, pl.)
    • Northwestern Iranian:
      • Baluchi: ہر (har)
      • Kurdish:
        Central Kurdish: که‌ر (ker /⁠kar⁠/)
        Northern Kurdish: ker (/⁠kar⁠/)
        Southern Kurdish: خه‌ر (xer /⁠xar⁠/)
        Laki: خه‌ر (xer /⁠xar⁠/)
      • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
        • Parthian: (/⁠xar⁠/)
          Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭇𐭌𐭓𐭀 (ḤMRA)
          Manichaean script: *𐫟𐫡 (*xr)
          • > Parthian: 𐫟𐫡𐫀𐫉𐫗 (xrʾzn /⁠xarāzan⁠/, “donkey-goad”) (Cf. with Parthian 𐫃𐫇𐫀𐫉 (gwʾz /⁠gawāz⁠/, “(ox-)goad”))
            • → Old Armenian: խար-ազան (xar-azan, “donkey-goad”) (Cf. with Old Armenian գաւ-ազան (gaw-azan, “stick for driving animals”))
            • → Classical Persian: خرازه (xarāza, “large penis”) (perhaps)
        • Gurani: ھەر (har)
        • Zazaki: her (har)
        • Talysh:
          Northern Talysh: هه (ha)
        • Karingani: هر (har)
    • Southwestern Iranian:
      • Old Persian: *𐎧𐎼 (*x-r /⁠*xara⁠/)
        Old Persian: *𐎧𐎼𐎱𐎫 (*x-r-p-t /⁠*xarapati⁠/, “donky's owner”)
        • → Elamite: [script needed] (qarabatti)
        • Middle Persian: (/⁠xar⁠/, “donkey”)
          Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫡 (xr)
          Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (HMRA), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hl)
          Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭧𐭬𐭥𐭠 (ḤMRA)
          • Classical Persian: خر (xar, “donkey, ass”)
            Dari: خر (xar)
            Iranian Persian: خر (xar)
            Tajik: хар (xar)
            • → Azerbaijani: xər/ خر (xər /⁠xar⁠/)
            • → Ottoman Turkish: خر (hır)
          • Lurish:
            Bakhtiari: خر (xar), هر (har)

References
  1. Witzel, Michael (2002) Early Loan Words in Western Central Asia: Substrates, Migrations and Trade‎, Harvard University, page 21
  2. Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018) “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1948
  3. “ḫāru”, in The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (CAD)‎, volume 6, Ḫ, Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 1956, page 118
  4. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
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