< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yéwos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *yew-, *yewh₁- (“to ripen, mature”), whence Tocharian B yu-.

Noun

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*yéwos n[1][2][3]

  1. cereal, grain
    Synonyms: *dʰoHnéh₂, *ǵr̥h₂nóm
  2. barley, spelt
    Synonyms: *ǵʰrésdʰi, *h₂élbʰit

Inflection
Athematic, acrostatic
singular
nominative *yéwos
genitive *yéwesos
singular dual plural
nominative *yéwos *yéwesih₁ *yéwōs
vocative *yéwos *yéwesih₁ *yéwōs
accusative *yéwos *yéwesih₁ *yéwōs
genitive *yéwesos *? *yéwesoHom
ablative *yéwesos *? *yéwesmos
dative *yéwesey *? *yéwesmos
locative *yéwes, *yéwesi *? *yéwesu
instrumental *yéwesh₁ *? *yéwesmis

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms
  • *yéw-ih₂ ~ *yu-yéh₂-s[6]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *dzeyyā́
      • Ancient Greek: (“spelt”)
        Epic Greek: ζειά (zeiá)
        Cretan Ancient Greek: δηαί (dēaí)
  • *yéw-it[4] or *yéw-o-m[7]
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian B: yap (“dressed barley”)
  • *yéw-ō[8]
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite 𒂊𒉿𒀭 (UDÚLe-wa-an /⁠ewan⁠/, “kind of grain; soup made of a kind of grain”)

Descendants
  • Armenian:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  • >? Proto-Celtic: *yewos (“barley, spelt”)[11]
    • Proto-Brythonic:
    • ⇒? Proto-Celtic: *yewornyā[4] (+? *-rnyos, compare *agrinyos (“sloe”), or *wésornyā < *wósr̥ (“spring”)[12][13])
      • Middle Irish: eórna f
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yáwas (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “i̯eu̯o-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 512
  2. Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2268: “*i̯eu̯o-”
  3. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 164: “*yéw(e)s-”
  4. Blažek, Václav (2012) “On Indo-European ‘barley’”, in Etymology and the European Lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen‎, Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, published 2016
  5. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ζειαί”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 497-498
  6. Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 187: “PIE *(H?)yew-iH₂”
  7. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “yap”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 519-520
  8. Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, (UDÚL)eu̯an-/mode/1up?view=theater page (UDÚL)eu̯an- of 263-264
  9. Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “ջով”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 131ab
  10. Macak, Martin (2017–2018) “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The phonology of Classical Armenian, page 1055
  11. Koch, John (2004) “*jewā-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, page 148
  12. de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (1999) Nominale Wortbildung des älteren Irischen: Stammbildung und Derivation [Noun Formation in Old Irish: Stem-formation and derivation] (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie) (in German), volume 15, Tübingen: Niemeyer, →ISBN, page 138
  13. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “es-en-, os-en-, -er-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 343
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