< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wérsēn

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly from *h₂wers- (“to rain, sprinkle (water, urine, semen)”),[1], or perhaps from *wers- (“to rise (up)”)[2] +‎ *-ḗn.

Noun

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*wérsēn m[3][4]

  1. virile man
  2. male animal

Inflection
Athematic, hysterokinetic
singular
nominative *wérsēn
genitive *wr̥snés
singular dual plural
nominative *wérsēn *wérsenh₁(e) *wérsenes
vocative *wérsen *wérsenh₁(e) *wérsenes
accusative *wérsenm̥ *wérsenh₁(e) *wérsenm̥s
genitive *wr̥snés *? *wr̥snóHom
ablative *wr̥snés *? *wr̥sn̥mós
dative *wr̥snéy *? *wr̥sn̥mós
locative *wérsen, *wérseni *? *wr̥sn̥sú
instrumental *wr̥snéh₁ *? *wr̥sn̥mís

Alternative reconstructions
  • *wrés-i-s ~ *wr̥s-y-és
    • Proto-Germanic: *(w)risiz (“hero, giant”)[9] (see there for further descendants)
  • *wr̥s-yó-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥šyás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wr̥šyás
        • Sanskrit: वृष्य (vṛṣya, “strong”)

Derived terms
  • *gʷou-wr̥sēn[10] or *gʷeh₃u-wr̥sēn[3][4] or *gʷh₃u-wr̥sēn (“bull”)[3] (+ *gʷou- (“cattle”))
    • Proto-Germanic: *kursô (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gauwr̥šyás
    • Proto-Tocharian: *kauwärṣän (see there for further descendants)
  • *wr̥sn̥-bʰó-s[11][6]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(w)r̥šabʰás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(w)r̥ṣabʰás
        • Sanskrit: वृषभ (vṛṣabhá), ऋषभ (ṛṣabhá, “bull, male animal”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *wr̥sn-í-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wr̥šníš (“ram”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: vērsis (“ox”)
      • Lithuanian: ver̃šis (“calf; ox”)
      • Old Prussian: werstian (“calf”)

Descendants
  • >? Proto-Armenian:[1] (or < *wr̥h₁ḗn (“lamb”))
    • Old Armenian: գառն (gaṙn, “lamb”) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: առն (aṙn, “wild ram”) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *(w)urzô ~ *ūrziniz (“grouse”) (see there for further descendants)
  • >? Proto-Germanic: *(w)urznô (“boar, male pig”)[12]
  • Proto-Hellenic: *(w)érsēn, *(w)ə́rsēn
    • Ancient Greek: (“male (animal)”)
      Aeolic Greek, Ionic Greek, Cretan Ancient Greek: ἔρσην (érsēn)
      Attic Greek: ἄρρην (árrhēn)
      Epic Greek: ἄρσην (ársēn)
      Laconic Greek: ἄρσης (ársēs)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *(w)ŕ̥šā (see there for further descendants)
    • →? Proto-Northeast Caucasian: *weršē (“bull-calf, male”)[13] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *wersēn or *worsēn[8]
    • Latin: verrēs, verris (“boar, male pig”) (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “u̯ₑr̥sen-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1170
  2. Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2000) Das Perfekt im Indoiranischen, page 476f
  3. Pronk, Tijmen (2009) “(v)ṛṣabhá-, Greek ἂρσην, ἔρσην: the spraying bull of Indo-European?”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 122, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: “.*uers-ēn, acc.sg. *urs-en-m, gen.sg. *urs-n-os”
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “άρσην,-ενος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 141: “*uers-n- ‘male’”
  5. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “u̯r̥sen-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 81
  6. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “1. *u̯ers-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 722-724: “*wŕ̥s-en-”
  7. Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2275: “*(h₁)r̥sen-”
  8. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “verrēs, -is”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 666: “*h₂u̯ŕ̥s-en-”
  9. Vercoullie, Jozef (1925) “reus”, in Beknopt etymologisch woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal (in Dutch), 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, page 287
  10. Adams, Douglas Q. (2017–2018) “Chapter XII: Tocharian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Tocharian, page 1368: “*gʷou-wṛsen-”
  11. Pronk, Tijmen (2009) “Sanskrit (v)r̥ṣabhá-, Greek ἄρσην, ἔρσην: the spraying bull of Indo-European?”, in Historische Sprachforschung, volume 122
  12. Hellquist, Elof (1922) “orne”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎ (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 553
  13. Nikolaev, Sergei L., Starostin, Sergei A. (1994) “*wĕršē”, in A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary‎, Moscow: Asterisk Publishers
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