< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷékʷlos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Reduplicated derivative of *kʷel- (“to turn”).[1]

Noun

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*kʷékʷlos m

  1. wheel
  2. circle

Alternative forms
  • *kʷekʷlóm
  • *kʷókʷlos
  • *kuklós (= *kʷₔkʷlós reanalyzed as containing *-lós?)

Reconstruction notes

This Proto-Indo-European word has been proposed as the source of Sumerian 𒄑𒇀 (ĜIŠGIGIR, “chariot”), Aramaic and Hebrew גַּלְגַּל (galgal, “anything that rolls; wheel”) (but compare גָּלַל (gālal, “to roll”)), and Proto-Kartvelian *grgar.[1] The similarly shaped Chinese 軲轆／轱辘 (*guk luk)[2] is only attested in the last few centuries and may be the result of convergent onomatopoeic derivation. Instead, the undetermined 車 (*kla, “chariot” > “car”) may be a borrowing from a descendant form of this root from the spread of the chariot. See Chariot (China).

Inflection
Thematic
singular collective
nominative *kʷékʷlos *kʷekʷléh₂
genitive *kʷékʷlosyo *kʷekʷlósyo
singular dual plural collective
nominative *kʷékʷlos *kʷékʷloh₁ *kʷékʷloes *kʷekʷléh₂
vocative *kʷékʷle *kʷékʷloh₁ *kʷékʷloes *kʷekʷléh₂
accusative *kʷékʷlom *kʷékʷloh₁ *kʷékʷloms *kʷekʷléh₂
genitive *kʷékʷlosyo *? *kʷékʷloHom *kʷekʷlósyo
ablative *kʷékʷlead *? *kʷékʷlomos *kʷekʷléad
dative *kʷékʷloey *? *kʷékʷlomos *kʷekʷlóey
locative *kʷékʷley, *kʷékʷloy *? *kʷékʷloysu *kʷekʷléy, *kʷekʷlóy
instrumental *kʷékʷloh₁ *? *kʷékʷlōys *kʷekʷlóh₁

Descendants
  • Anatolian:
    • (perhaps) Hittite: 𒃻𒆪𒄢𒆷 (NINDAKU.GUL.LA, “lard biscuit, doughnut”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaklas (< *kʷokʷlos)
    • Latgalian: koklys (“neck”)
    • Latvian: kakls (“neck”)
    • Lithuanian: kãklas (“neck”)
    • → Proto-Finnic: *kakla (“neck”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *hwehwlą (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kʷókʷlos (< *kʷokʷlos) or *kúklos? (< *kʷukʷlos)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakrám (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)
  • Phrygian: κίκλην (kíklēn) (+ *-ēn)
  • Proto-Tocharian: *kuk(ä)le (< *kʷukʷlo-)[3]

References
  1. Mallory, James Patrick (1989) In Search of the Indo-Europeans, Thames and Hudson, →ISBN, p. 163
  2. John Farndon, The World's Greatest Idea, →ISBN, p. 95
  3. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kokale”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 214
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