< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂et-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂et-[1]

  1. grass
Descendants
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Proto-Tocharian: *ātŭyā
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:

References
  1. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “atiyo”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 9-10

Alternative reconstructions

Root

*h₂et-[2]

  1. but, yet[1]
Notes

According to de Vaan, the similarity of shape and meaning between this root and *éti makes it difficult to assign undoubtedly most descendants to either one or the other. But Dunkel points out that *éti has a local “from there” and intensifying “exceedingly” meaning, while *át is contrastive “but” and affirming “indeed > furthermore”.

Furthermore, Hittite [Term?] (/⁠addu⁠/, “but, furthermore”) suggests that *át is the correct form, as *h₂ would have been preserved in Hittite.

Descendants
Derived terms
  • *h₂ét-i (“back, again, away”) (perhaps)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati[1]
      • Latvian: at-
      • Lithuanian: ati- (“back, again, away”)
      • Old Prussian: et-, at-
      • Proto-Slavic: *otъ (“away, again”)
    • Proto-Celtic: *ati- (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Italic: *ati
      • >? Latin: at (or directly from *h₂ét)
      • Venetic: ati-
    • ⇒? Proto-Tocharian: (or directly from *h₂ét)
      • Tocharian B: at (“away”)
    • ⇒ *h₂etō[3]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *atō
        • Lithuanian: ato- (“back, away”)
      • >? Proto-Tocharian: *āté (or from *h₂et-o-)
        • Tocharian B: ate (“away”)
  • *h₂et-dʰe (locative adverbial ending)[1]
    • Latin: ast (“but if, but, and then”)
  • *h₂et-h₂o/*át-h₂u (“but, in addition”) (adverbial compound)[1]
    • Hittite: [Term?] (/⁠addu⁠/, “but, furthermore”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *átHa (“but, come!, in that case, then”)
      • Sanskrit: अथ (átha, “but, then”)
      • Avestan: 𐬀𐬚𐬀 (aθa), 𐬀𐬚𐬁 (aθā)
    • >? Celtiberian: ata (“but, furthermore”)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • >? Tocharian B: ot (“then”)[4]
  • *h₂ét-o-s
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hátas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hátas
        • Sanskrit: अतः (ataḥ, “so, consequently, therefore, hence”)
  • Unsorted formations:

References
  1. Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 87-93
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
  3. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ate”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 10
  4. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ot”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 120
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