< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eh₃mós

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions
  • *Hom-o-, *Hōm-o-[1]
  • *h₁oh₁-mó-;[2] (separately) *Hom-ro-, *h₂em-[3]
  • *HoH-mo-[4]
  • *h₃eH-mo-[4][5]

Etymology

Probably from *h₂eh₃- (“to be hot, burn”) +‎ *-mós.

Adjective

*h₂eh₃mós

  1. raw, uncooked
  2. bitter, sharp-tasting or sour

Declension
Thematic
masculine feminine
nominative *h₂eh₃mós *h₂eh₃méh₂
genitive *h₂eh₃mósyo *h₂eh₃méh₂s
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *h₂eh₃mós *h₂eh₃móh₁ *h₂eh₃móes
vocative *h₂eh₃mé *h₂eh₃móh₁ *h₂eh₃móes
accusative *h₂eh₃móm *h₂eh₃móh₁ *h₂eh₃móms
genitive *h₂eh₃mósyo *? *h₂eh₃móHom
ablative *h₂eh₃méad *? *h₂eh₃mómos
dative *h₂eh₃móey *? *h₂eh₃mómos
locative *h₂eh₃méy, *h₂eh₃móy *? *h₂eh₃móysu
instrumental *h₂eh₃móh₁ *? *h₂eh₃mṓys
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *h₂eh₃méh₂ *h₂eh₃méh₂h₁(e) *h₂eh₃méh₂es
vocative *h₂eh₃méh₂ *h₂eh₃méh₂h₁(e) *h₂eh₃méh₂es
accusative *h₂eh₃mā́m *h₂eh₃méh₂h₁(e) *h₂eh₃méh₂m̥s
genitive *h₂eh₃méh₂s *? *h₂eh₃méh₂oHom
ablative *h₂eh₃méh₂s *? *h₂eh₃méh₂mos
dative *h₂eh₃méh₂ey *? *h₂eh₃méh₂mos
locative *h₂eh₃méh₂, *h₂eh₃méh₂i *? *h₂eh₃méh₂su
instrumental *h₂eh₃méh₂h₁ *? *h₂eh₃méh₂mis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *h₂eh₃móm *h₂eh₃móy(h₁) *h₂eh₃méh₂
vocative *h₂eh₃móm *h₂eh₃móy(h₁) *h₂eh₃méh₂
accusative *h₂eh₃móm *h₂eh₃móy(h₁) *h₂eh₃méh₂
genitive *h₂eh₃mósyo *? *h₂eh₃móHom
ablative *h₂eh₃méad *? *h₂eh₃mómos
dative *h₂eh₃móey *? *h₂eh₃mómos
locative *h₂eh₃méy, *h₂eh₃móy *? *h₂eh₃móysu
instrumental *h₂eh₃móh₁ *? *h₂eh₃mṓys

Reconstruction notes

Sometimes (more traditionally) hypothesized to be its own root *Hem- in o-grade, though this does not easily account for the lengthened grades.[1] Contrarily, reconstructions with a coda laryngeal struggle to explain the reflexes with a short root vowel, but these may be explained either as dialectal pretonic shortening (Dybo's law) or as deletion of the second laryngeal in the cluster, both of which are controversial as sound laws. The values of both laryngeals remain uncertain.[6][4]

Kroonen, comparing this set with Proto-Germanic *ēmǭ (“erysipelas”), reconstructs the root alternatively as *h₁eh₁- (“raw, reddish (of skin)”) with derivatives *h₁éh₁-mon- and *h₁oh₁-mó-.[2]

Derived terms
  • *h₂h₃m-ro- (“sour, bitter; sorrel?”) (or thematicized from *h₂éh₃-mr-)[7][8][9]
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *ampraz (with epenthetic *b > *p)[3] (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hamrás or *Hamlás
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hamrás or *Hamlás
    • >? Proto-Italic:
      • Latin: amārus (with analogical change of the suffix to -ārus?) (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₂é(h₃)m-ōl ~ *h₂(h₃)m̥-l-és[10]
    • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: amuols (“yellow sorrel”)

Descendants
  • Proto-Armenian:[5]
    • Old Armenian: հում (hum)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Latvian: oms (“Sudden, fast, swift”)
  • Proto-Celtic: *omos[6] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ōmós[4]
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHmás
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HaHmás
    • Proto-Iranian: *HaHmáh
      • Northern Kurdish: xav
      • Persian: خام (xâm)
      • → Old Armenian: խամ (xam)

References
  1. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “? *Hem- 'roh; bitter (?)'”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 202–204: “*Hom-o-; *Hō̆m-ó-; ? *Hōm-ó-”
  2. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ēmōn- 1”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 117
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ampra-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 25
  4. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὠμός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1680: “IE *HeHmo- ‘raw’ […] The word probably represents *h₃eHmos or *h₂eh₃mos”
  5. Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “hum”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 421–422: “One reconstructs PIE *h₂eh₃-mo- or *h₃eH-mo-”
  6. Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*omo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 299
  7. Friedrich Kluge (1883) “Ampfer”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
  8. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “? *Hem- 'roh; bitter (?)'”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 202–204: “? *H(e/o)m-ro-”
  9. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “amārus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37
  10. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*ampra/ōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 25: “nom. *h₂ém-ōl, gen. *h₂m-l-ós”
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