< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*dʰer- (perfective)[1][2]

  1. to support
  2. to hold

Extensions

Descendants
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰar- (“hold, stop, bear, carry, receive, hold up right”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Slavic: *dьržati (“hold”) (see there for further descendants)

Derived terms
Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰer-‎ (22 c, 0 e)
  • *dʰr̥-tó ~ dʰr-n̥tó (root medio-passive aorist)[2][3]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hádʰr̥ta
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hádʰr̥ta
        • Sanskrit: अधृत (ádhṛta), धृथास् (dhṛthā́s)
      • Iranian: *Hádr̥ta
        • Avestan: 𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁 (dərətā, 3sg.med.inj.), 𐬛𐬭𐬍𐬙𐬁 (drītā, 3sg.med.opt.)
  • *dʰér-e-ti (thematic present)[2][4]
  • *dʰí-dʰer-ti (reduplicated present)[2][3]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰídʰārti
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dídʰārti
        • Sanskrit: दिधृतम् (didhṛtám)
      • Proto-Iranian: *dídarti
        • (perhaps) Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀- (vidiδārəmna-)
  • *dʰe-dʰór-e ~ *dʰe-dʰr̥-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)[2][3]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰādʰártay
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dādʰártay
        • Sanskrit: दधार (dadhā́ra) / दाधार (dādhā́ra, 3sg.perf.), दध्रे (dadhré), दधर्तु (dadhártu, 3sg.impv.)
      • Proto-Iranian: *dādártay
        • Avestan: 𐬛𐬁𐬛𐬭𐬉 (dādrē, 3sg.perf.)
          Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬭𐬀 (daδāra, 3sg.perf.)
  • *dʰor-éyeti[2][3][5]
  • *dʰér-mn̥
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármā
  • *dʰér-mos[6]
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *dʰármas
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰármas
        • Sanskrit: धर्म (dhárma) (see there for further descendants)
    • Lithuanian: darna
    • Proto-Italic: *fermos
      • Latin: firmus (“firm, strong, steadfast, enduring, stable”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *dʰer-o-[7]
  • *dʰr-eh₁-nom[8]
    • Proto-Italic: *frēnom
      • Latin: frēnum (“bridle”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *dʰr-eh₁-tos[9]
    • Proto-Italic: *frētos
      • Latin: frētus (“leaning on something”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Unsorted formations:
    • Celtic:
      • Old Irish: drong (“troop, multitude, crowd”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *darnijaną (“to conceal”) (with nasalization) (see there for further descendants)
    • Hellenic
      • Ancient Greek: θράω (thráō, “to sit, to rest upon”)
      • Ancient Greek: θρᾶνος (thrânos, “bench, close-stool, supporting beam”)
      • Ancient Greek: θρῆνυς (thrênus, “footstool”)
      • Ancient Greek: θρόνος (thrónos, “seat, throne”)

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “dher-, dherə-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 252-254
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*dʰer-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 145-146
  3. Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*dar¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57-59
  4. Derksen, Rick (2015) “derėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
  5. Derksen, Rick (2015) “daryti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 116
  6. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “firmus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 223
  7. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ferē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 212
  8. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frēnum”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 241-242
  9. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frētus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 242-243
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