< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/údteros

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From the adverb *úd (“out, outward”) +‎ *-teros (contrastive suffix).

Adjective

*údteros (non-ablauting)[1][2]

  1. higher, outer

Inflection
Thematic
masculine feminine
nominative *údteros *údtereh₂
genitive *údterosyo *údtereh₂s
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *údteros *údteroh₁ *údteroes
vocative *údtere *údteroh₁ *údteroes
accusative *údterom *údteroh₁ *údteroms
genitive *údterosyo *? *údteroHom
ablative *údteread *? *údteromos
dative *údteroey *? *údteromos
locative *údterey, *údteroy *? *údteroysu
instrumental *údteroh₁ *? *údterōys
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *údtereh₂ *údtereh₂h₁(e) *údtereh₂es
vocative *údtereh₂ *údtereh₂h₁(e) *údtereh₂es
accusative *údterām *údtereh₂h₁(e) *údtereh₂m̥s
genitive *údtereh₂s *? *údtereh₂oHom
ablative *údtereh₂s *? *údtereh₂mos
dative *údtereh₂ey *? *údtereh₂mos
locative *údtereh₂, *údtereh₂i *? *údtereh₂su
instrumental *údtereh₂h₁ *? *údtereh₂mis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *údterom *údteroy(h₁) *údtereh₂
vocative *údterom *údteroy(h₁) *údtereh₂
accusative *údterom *údteroy(h₁) *údtereh₂
genitive *údterosyo *? *údteroHom
ablative *údteread *? *údteromos
dative *údteroey *? *údteromos
locative *údterey, *údteroy *? *údteroysu
instrumental *údteroh₁ *? *údterōys

Descendants
  • Proto-Hellenic: *ústeros
    • Ancient Greek: ὕστερος (hústeros, “ulterior, posterior”)
    • Byzantine Greek: υστερινός (usterinós), υστερνός (usternós, “last”)
      • Greek: στερνός (sternós, “last”)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *útˢtaras
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *úttaras
      • Sanskrit: उत्तर (uttara, “upper, better, later, north, answer”)
    • Proto-Iranian: *úctarah
      • Pashto: استرۍ (ustərai, “last, lastest”)
      • Sogdian: [script needed] ('str' /⁠əstara⁠/, “later”)

Derived terms
  • *udtér-eh₂
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ustérā
      • Ancient Greek: ὑστέρᾱ (hustérā, “womb, uterus”)
        Ionic Greek: ὑστέρη (hustérē)
  • *udtr-ó-s[3]
    • Proto-Hellenic: *ustros
      • Ancient Greek: ὕστρος (hústros, “stomach”)
  • *udtr̥-yó-s[4]
    • Proto-Tocharian:

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ū̆d”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1103-1104: “ud-tero-s”
  2. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*udˢtero-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 517
  3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ύστέρα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1539: “*ud-tro-”
  4. Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “wästarye”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN: “*udˢtr̥yo-”
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