< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/turbz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“tuft, grass”). Don Ringe argues that the lack of a-mutation in Old High German shows that zurba must have originally been a consonant stem.[1] In addition, Old English turf clearly shows a consonant-stem declension. In many of the descendants, the noun was thematized early on enough to cause a-mutation in the descendant forms.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈturβz/

Noun

*turbz m or f

  1. turf, peat [2]

Inflection
consonant stemDeclension of *turbz (consonant stem)
singular plural
nominative *turbz *turbiz
vocative *turb *turbiz
accusative *turbų *turbunz
genitive *turbiz *turbǫ̂
dative *turbi *turbumaz
instrumental *turbē *turbumiz

Descendants
  • Proto-West Germanic: *turb
    • Old English: turf f
      • Middle English: turf, turfe, torf, tourfe
        • English: turf
        • Scots: turr, truff
        • Yola: thrive
    • Old Frisian: turf
      • >? Saterland Frisian: Toarks
      • West Frisian: turf (also possibly from Dutch)
    • Old Saxon: *torf, turf m
    • → Old French: torbe
    • Old Dutch: *torf, *turf
    • >? Old High German: zurft f (doubtful; singularily attested and phonetically irregular)
  • Old Norse: torf n, torfa f
    • Icelandic: torf n
    • Faroese: torv n
    • Norwegian:
      • Norwegian: torv n or m
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: torv n or f
    • Old Swedish: torf n or f, törf n or f
    • Danish: tørv c
    • → Norman: torve f
  • → Proto-Finnic: *turbëh, *turbas (see there for further descendants)

References
  1. Ringe, Don with Ann Taylor (2014) The Development of Old English: a Linguistic History of English‎, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 28
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
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