Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sunþraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ún-teros, from *sóh₂w-l̥ ~ *sh₂w-én-s (“the sun”) +‎ *-teros (directional suffix).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈsun.θrɑz/

Adjective

*sunþraz (comparative *sunþrizô, superlative *sunþristaz)

south, southern

Inflection

Declension of *sunþraz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*sunþraz	*sunþrai	*sunþrō	*sunþrôz	*sunþrą, -atō	*sunþrō
Accusative	*sunþranǭ	*sunþranz	*sunþrǭ	*sunþrōz	*sunþrą, -atō	*sunþrō
Genitive	*sunþras, -is	*sunþraizǫ̂	*sunþraizōz	*sunþraizǫ̂	*sunþras, -is	*sunþraizǫ̂
Dative	*sunþrammai	*sunþraimaz	*sunþraizōi	*sunþraimaz	*sunþrammai	*sunþraimaz
Instrumental	*sunþranō	*sunþraimiz	*sunþraizō	*sunþraimiz	*sunþranō	*sunþraimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*sunþrô	*sunþraniz	*sunþrǭ	*sunþrōniz	*sunþrô	*sunþrōnō
Accusative	*sunþranų	*sunþranunz	*sunþrōnų	*sunþrōnunz	*sunþrô	*sunþrōnō
Genitive	*sunþriniz	*sunþranǫ̂	*sunþrōniz	*sunþrōnǫ̂	*sunþriniz	*sunþranǫ̂
Dative	*sunþrini	*sunþrammaz	*sunþrōni	*sunþrōmaz	*sunþrini	*sunþrammaz
Instrumental	*sunþrinē	*sunþrammiz	*sunþrōnē	*sunþrōmiz	*sunþrinē	*sunþrammiz

Derived terms

Coordinate terms

(compass points)

	*nurþraz
*westraz		*austraz
	*sunþraz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *sunþr
- Old English: sūþ
  - Middle English: south, souþ, suþ, sowth, suthe, souþe, suth, souht; zouth
    - English: south
    - Scots: sooth
    - Yola: zouth
  - → Old French: sud, su
    - Middle French: sud
      - French: sud
- Old Frisian: *sūther
  - West Frisian: suder, súd
- Old Saxon: *sūthar
  - Middle Low German: sǖder, suder
- Old High German: sundar
  - Middle High German: sunder

Adverb

*sunþraz (comparative *sunþrōz, superlative *sunþrōst)

south, southward

Descendants

Old English: sūþ
- English: south
Old Saxon: sūthar
Old High German: *sundar
- Middle High German: sunder
Old Norse: suðr, sunnr
- Icelandic: suður
- Faroese: suður
- Norn: sud
- Norwegian Nynorsk: sud, sør
- Norwegian Bokmål: sør
- Old Swedish: sudher
  - Swedish: söder, syd (influenced by Dutch or Low German)
- Danish: syd
  - Norwegian Bokmål: syd
- Gutnish: sudar, sudur

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

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