< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sōl

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ ~ *sh₂wén-s (“sun”), though how and as what inflection type is uncertain. Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻 (sauil) and Old Norse sól point to *s(ᵉ/ₒ)h₂wel- and *sᵉ/ₒh₂wul-, respectively,[1] which perhaps suggests an inherited l/n-stem paradigm *sōl (< *sōwul[notes 1]) ~ *sawiniz (or consonant stem *sōl ~ *sawiliz), with the Gothic leveled from the weak case.[2]

Alternatively reconstructed as *sōel (< *sōwel) ~ *suniz, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂wel ~ *sh₂un-és,[3] and although this would account for the Gothic form, is problematic for the West Germanic and Old Norse forms, where one might expect the outcome in Old Saxon to be **sō(w)el, **sō(w)il, compare Old Saxon hnōil, from Proto-West Germanic *hnōil (“planer”).

Noun

*sōl n[2][4]

  1. sun, the Sun
  2. (Runic alphabet) name of the S-rune (ᛊ)

Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Alternative reconstructions

Reconstruction notes
  1. With the loss of *w between a stressed vowel and *u (*w > ∅ / V́_*u), followed by Mahlow's Law (*ōu > *ō / _C{#,V}).

Derived terms
  • *sōliją
    • Old Norse: *sǿli
      • ⇒ Old Norse: andsǿlis
      • ⇒ Old Norse: rangsǿlis
      • ⇒ Old Norse: réttsǿlis

Descendants

References
  1. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 881: “got. sauil n. (*sōwila-), aisl. sōl f. (*sōwulā)”
  2. Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 136; 227: “PGmc *sō̄l”
  3. Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*soel- ~ *sunnōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 463-464
  4. Kroonen, Guus (2011) The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
  5. Pokorny, Julius (1959) “sā́u̯el-, sāu̯ol-, suu̯él-, su̯el-, sūl-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 881: “*sōwila-; *sōwulā”
  6. Nedoma, Robert (2017–2018) “Chapter IX: Germanic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The documentation of Germanic, page 877: “*sōwulō”}
  7. Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*séh₂u̯el-, *sh₂(u)u̯en(?)-, *sh₂un-, *suh₂l-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 606: “germ. *sōwil-; germ. *sō(w)ul-”
  8. Hellquist, Elof (1922) “sol”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎ (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 821: “*sōwil- (-ul, *sowl-?; med bortfall av w i nord. spr.)”
  9. Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*sōwelan ~ *sowelō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361
  10. Heidermanns, Frank (1993) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 81: “sōwela-”
  11. Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*séhₐul”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 556: “*sōwilō”
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